Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This narrative review aims to address this gap by critically assessing the long-term effects and effectiveness of novel therapies. The review underscores the necessity of multidisciplinary collaboration to develop effective, safe, and economically viable therapeutic strategies for managing DN. Keywords: Diabetic Nephropathy, Chronic Kidney Disease, Albuminuria, Renal Fibrosis, Renoprotection.

Introduction. A modified imaging technique for the right coronary artery (RCA) has been developed to reduce radiation dose and fluoroscopy time. Methods. This study compared patient and operator exposure to ionizing radiation (mGy) and fluoroscopy time(s) during RCA imaging using standard and modified methods. Results. The modified technique resulted in significantly lower radiation dose (23.78 vs. 34.78 mGy; p < 0.001). Conclusion. The modified RCA imaging technique substantially decreases radiation exposure, fluoroscopy duration, and contrast volume, improving safety for both patients and staff. Keywords: Right Coronary Artery, Ionizing Radiation, Coronary Angiography, Fluoroscopy, Radiation Protection.

The paper offers a comprehensive overview of the INSAM Journal of Contemporary Music, Art and Technology, focusing on its editorial policies, structure, and research profile within the broader context of regionaland global academic publishing related to music and arts. Through an analysis of fourteen issues published between 2018 and 2025, the paper traces the journal?s development, its transdisciplinary orientation, and its commitment to open-access publishing. It further examines how the journal?s ?technoscape? connects artistic research, music, and technology, positioning INSAM Journal as both a platform for independent scholarly expression and a site of regional collaboration and exchange. The study also reflects on the challenges and significance of maintaining an independent, digitally based, and transdisciplinary journal in the contemporary landscape of the humanities.

Introduction. The harmful effect of cigarette use has been proven through existing studies, but the recent advanced use of heat-not-burn-tobacco-products (HNB) and its effect remains under observation. Results. After six months, HNB users exhibited better-preserved FEV1 and peripheral oxygenation values. Conclusion. Patients using HNB tobacco products achieved better 6MWT and spirometry testing results and showed lower cholesterol and hs-CRP levels after six months of follow-up. Keywords: smoking, spirometry, heat-not-burn, lung function decline, respiratory health.

Izgradnja poslovne infrastrukture, naročito poslovnih zona, podrazumijeva ispunjenje cijelog niza pretpostavki koje su često međusobno uslovljene. U vezi s tim u bosanskohercegovačkom pravnom okviru do izražaja dolaze brojni faktori ustavnopravne, ali i stvarnopravne prirode. Najprije treba poći od činjenice složenosti ustavnog sistema u Bosni i Hercegovini, gdje se moraju uvažiti legislativne postavke, naročito u dijelu nadležnosti za uređenje određene oblasti. Tako, kad je riječ o izgradnji poslovnih zona, posebno mjesto imaju jedinice lokalne samouprave, ali s bitno promijenjenom ulogom u odnosu na period u okviru bivše države (SFRJ). Zapravo, u odnosu na raniji (socijalistički) period, kada su jedinice lokalne samouprave imale gotovo ključnu uloge u smislu planiranja te izgradnje proizvodnih kompleksa, danas imaju bitno drugačiji položaj, koji se u pravilu svodi na planiranje prostornih obuhvata budućih poslovnih zona te na izdavanje potrebnih dozvola. To je rezultat napuštanja komandne privrede u okviru koje je izgradnja proizvodnih kompleksa vezana za državnu regulaciju. Dakle, rezultat tranzicijskih procesa u ovoj oblasti rezultirao je situacijom da je proces izgradnje poslovnih zona iz javnopravnog sektora prešao isključivo u privatnopravnu sferu, gdje ključnu ulogu imaju privatni investitori, dok jedinice lokalnih samouprava imaju servisnu ulogu. Upravo je saradnja između javnopravnih subjekata, pri čemu se dominantno misli na jedinice lokalne samouprave, i potencijalnih investitora, ključni segment u smislu da li će se uopće izgraditi određena poslovna zona. U tom odnosu, pored ustavnopravnog okvira, od izuzetnog je značaja uređenost imovinskopravnih odnosa, za šta su u pravilu zadužene jedinice lokalne samouprave, bilo kroz stvaranje imovinskog (nekretninskog) portfelja jedinice lokalne samouprave koji će poslužiti za buduću poslovnu zonu, bilo kroz uključivanje u rješavanje određenih, često naslijeđenih imovinskopravnih problema, koji su preduslov za izgradnju, primjera radi, proizvodnih objekata u okviru poslovne zone. U vezi s tim, od presudne je važnosti poznavanje limitirajućih faktora koji su vezani za zakonodavstvo te traženje optimalnih modela za realizaciju poslovnog poduhvata. Na koncu, ali ne manje važno, jest nužnost uvažavanja relevantnih odluka Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine, koje su u značajnoj mjeri oblikovale de lege lata prizmu u pogledu pravnog statusa značajnog broja nekretnina koje se, pored ostalog, nalaze u obuhvatu sadašnjih, ali i budućih poslovnih zona.

Freedom of contract is a fundamental principle of obligation law, but in modern legal systems it functions as a relative and normatively oriented category. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of this institute, starting from the liberal conceptual core of the autonomy of the will and its historical development, to the modern, functional concept that views contractual freedom in the broader framework of public law restrictions, market discipline, and protection of the weaker party. The analysis includes domestic and comparative law, including standards of European contract law and modern economic indicators (EFW index), in order to indicate the connection between economic and contractual freedom. Special attention is paid to the position of business entities, where contracting has a specific dimension due to their professional status, the complexity of market transactions, and pronounced information asymmetry. Through the analysis of imperative norms, standard and adhesion contracts, regulated markets, and unequal bargaining power, the key practical and systemic limits of business autonomy are pointed out. The results of the work show that these restrictions do not represent a negation of the freedom of contract, but a mechanism for its functional realization - through the provision of legal certainty, fair market conditions, protection of competition, and stability of the economic order. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the modern conception of contractual autonomy in the economy, indicating that the balance between freedom of disposition and public law regulation is the key assumption of an efficient, fair, and sustainable contractual system.

This paper presents the LANA Adaptive Labeling Framework (ALF) as an advanced framework for dynamic method labeling and selecting optimal data processing methods in multiple multicriteria intelligent software systems, focusing on business processes in higher education institutions (HEIs). Earlier approaches to method labeling relied on static hierarchical structures. In contrast, LANA ALF introduces adaptability through continuous learning from user feedback, automatic balancing of criteria based on historical data and current task requirements, and multidimensional labels for comprehensive method evaluation. Each query is represented with a set of labels, while neural networks evaluate the optimal method by balancing criteria such as performance, cost, reliability, and accuracy. User feedback is stored in dynamic tables (e.g., user satisfaction), automatically adapting their structure to new tasks and data types. The results demonstrate that LANA ALF enables intelligent agents to autonomously make decisions without the need for direct involvement of data science experts, thereby increasing accuracy, reliability, and user satisfaction. This framework provides a foundation for further application of ALF in various domains

Introduction. Primary rectal signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma represents one of the rarest subtypes (1.39% of cases) and is associated with poor prognosis. Case report. We report the case of a 31-year-old female patient with rectal signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma who developed cutaneous metastases. Conclusion. Despite early initiation of treatment, survival in patients with rectal signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma remains poor. Key words: Rectal Neoplasms, Adenocarcinomas, Signet-Ring Cell, Skin Neoplasms.

Introduction. When considering revascularization modalities, for patients with stable presentation, with appropriate coronary anatomy suitable for both PCI and CABG and low predicted surgical mortality, the recommendations are specifically focused on patients with main stem stenosis. In these cases, patients should be individually assessed according to the complexity of the anatomical disease, as determined by the anatomical SYNTAX score. In the last few years, the results of four randomized studies have been published comparing PCI with newer-generation DES and CABG in patients with left-main stenosis. The latest 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes recommend CABG over PCI when the anatomical SYNTAX score exceeds 22, as indicated by recent trials. The aim of this study was to examine whether the indications for CABG or PCI, as determined by the well-informed intuitive judgment of PCI operators in everyday clinical practice, align with the treatment recommendations outlined in the recently published ESC guidelines. Methods. Between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, patients were recruited from the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, utilizing the hospital information system. The study included consecutive patients diagnosed with significant unprotected left main coronary artery disease (≥50% diameter stenosis) confirmed through angiography, who did not exhibit major hemodynamic instability and received PCI at our facility. Patients were divided into two groups, based on the anatomical SYNTAX score i.e. those with SYNTAX ≤ 22 and those with SYNTAX > 22. Results. Following inclusion criteria, a total number of 38 patients were included in the analysis. The included patients had either previously diagnosed coronary artery disease or a high suspicion of coronary artery disease. The majority of the participants were male, with an average age of 65.6 years, with the youngest participant being 31 years old and the oldest 83 years old. A large majority of both sexes suffered from arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Participants in whom SYNTAX score was ≤ 22 were younger (p=0.049) and had less complex coronary artery disease i.e. fewer MEDINA 1,1,1 (p< 0.001) with less stents implanted (p=0.040). Over the course of one year of follow-up, three patients passed away, two of whom had a SYNTAX score exceeding 22. Additionally, two patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusion. The present study demonstrates that an intuitive decision-making process by experienced interventional cardiologists for choosing the optimal myocardial revascularization method for the individual patient with left main stenosis led to a discordance of the definitely chosen methods vs. the recommended method based on the SYNTAX score and ESC guidelines. This discordance between the recommended and the finally performed revascularization strategy led to a higher shortterm mortality.