This paper presents a new dead-beat control design for a class of multi-input linear time-invariant continuous-time controllable systems. The system is controlled using multi-rate sampled data. First step in design is to obtain the controllability index vector. Using elements of this vector known as controllability indices, the state feedback matrix is computed applying higher order sliding mode control approach. The number of sliding variables is equal to the number of control inputs. Obtained control annihilates system state in a minimal number of sampling periods which is equal to the maximal value of controllability indices. Since, the dead-beat control has poor robustness, a disturbance compensation is designed. In this paper, the compensation control is equal to the negative value of the disturbance estimate. The estimate is obtained using the equivalent control approach, while the compensation sampling period is not the same as the deadbeat control sampling period. The control is formed as the dead-beat control term and the compensation control which suppressed disturbance effects. The sampling period of compensation control is generally smaller than the control sampling period. Properties of the proposed control system are demonstrated on a simulation example.

Thermoelectric (TE) devices enable robust solid-state conversion of waste heat to electricity but their applications are still limited by relatively modest efficiency. Power factor controls the TE energy conversion efficiency of a material. A higher power factor also helps to increase the passive or electronic cooling ability. Single-layer (SL) 2-dimensional (2D) materials have been analytically shown to have higher power factors [1]. In this work, we extend our 3D model to simulate quantum transport and capture energy filtering in 2D SL $\text{MoS}_{2}$ that can improve power factor. Energy relaxation and quantum effects from periodic spatially varying potential barriers are modeled in the Wigner-Rode formalism. Our simulations show an increase in power factor in both cosine- and square-shaped barriers with the height of the potential barrier, resulting in over 30% power factor enhancement. This improvement in TE efficiency helps in the development of efficient waste-heat scavenging, body-heat-powered wearables, thermal sensors, and electronic cooling.

We have characterised intra-tumour heterogeneity (ITH) across 2,778 whole genome sequences of tumours in the International Cancer Genome Consortium Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, representing 36 distinct cancer types. We applied 6 copy number (CNA) callers and 11 subclonal reconstruction algorithms and developed approaches to integrate the results in robust, high-confidence CNA calls and subclonal architectures. The analysis reveals widespread ITH. We find at least one subclone in nearly all (96.7%) tumours with sufficient sequencing depth. Analysis using dN/dS ratios yields clear signs of positive selection in clonal and subclonal mutations and we find subclonal driver mutations in known driver genes. However, only 24% of subclones contain a driver mutation in a known driver gene, suggesting that a multitude of undiscovered late drivers exist and that tumours continue to undergo selection after tumourigenesis, at least until diagnosis. Consistent with other studies, we find that in 9% of tumours all clinically actionable mutations are subclonal, while 20% of tumours contain at least one subclonal actionable driver. These findings emphasise the relevance of ITH in treatment decision making. Distinct patterns of ITH emerge; for example, prostate, uterus and esophageal adenocarcinomas show high proportions of both subclonal single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and CNAs. Kidney chromophobe and pancreatic endocrine tumours also contain high proportions of subclonal SNVs, but few subclonal CNAs. On the other hand, hepatocellular carcinomas and head-and-neck and lung SCCs contain low proportions of subclonal SNVs and high proportions of subclonal CNAs. Mutational signature analysis reveals changes in signature activity. Exposures to UV light in melanomas and acid reflux in stomach and oesophageal cancers contribute more clonal mutations. While APOBEC and DNA damage repair response related signatures show increased activity in subclones. These findings highlight distinct evolutionary narratives between and within histologically distinct tumour types. Citation Format: Stefan Dentro, Ignaty Leshchiner, Kerstin Haase, Jeff Wintersinger, Amit Deshwar, Maxime Tarabichi, Yulia Rubanova, Kaixian Yu, Ignacio Vazquez Garcia, Geoff Macintyre, Kortine Kleinheinz, Dimitri Livitz, Salem Malikic, Nilgun Donmez, Subhajit Sengupta, Yuan Ji, Jonas Demeulemeester, Pavana Anur, Clemency Jolly, Marek Cmero, Daniel Rosebrock, Steve Schumacher, Yu Fan, Matthew Fittall, Xiaotong Yao, Juhee Lee, Matthias Schlesner, Hongtu Zhu, David Adams, Gad Getz, Paul Boutros, Marcin Imielinski, Rameen Beroukhim, Cenk Sahinalp, Martin Peifer, Inigo Martincorena, Florian Markowetz, Ville Mustonen, Ke Yuan, Moritz Gerstung, Wenyi Wang, Paul Spellman, Quaid Morris, David Wedge, Peter Van Loo. Pervasive intra-tumour heterogeneity and subclonal selection across cancer types [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3000.

Cancer develops through a continuous process of somatic evolution. Whole genome sequencing provides a snapshot of the tumor genome at the point of sampling, however, the data can contain information that permits the reconstruction of a tumor9s evolutionary past. Here, we apply such life history analyses on an unprecedented scale, to a set of 2,658 tumors spanning 39 cancer types. We estimated the timing of large chromosomal gains during tumor evolution, by comparing the rates of doubled to non-doubled point mutations within gained regions. Although we find that such events typically occur in the second half of clonal evolution, we also observe distinctive and early chromosomal gains in some cancer types, such as gains of chromosomes 7, 19 and 20 in glioblastoma, and isochromosome 17q in medulloblastoma. By integrating these results with the qualitative timing of individual driver mutations, we obtained an overall ranking, from early to late, of frequent somatic events per cancer type, which both identified novel patterns of tumor evolution, and incorporated additional detail into known models, such as the progression of APC-KRAS-TP53 in colorectal cancer proposed by Vogelstein and Fearon. To estimate how mutational processes acting on the tumor genome change over time, we classified mutations in each sample according to three broad time periods (early clonal, late clonal, and subclonal), and quantified the activity of mutational signatures in each period. Most mutational processes appear to remain remarkably constant, however, certain signatures show clear and consistent changes during clonal evolution. Particularly, mutational signatures associated with exposure to carcinogens, such as smoking and UV light, tend to decrease over time. In contrast, signatures associated with defective endogenous processes, such as APOBEC mutagenesis and defective double strand break repair, show an increase between early and late phases of tumor evolution. Making use of clock-like mutational signatures, we converted mutational time estimates for large events, such as whole genome duplication (WGD), and the emergence of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), into real time estimates, which allowed us to combine our analyses into overall timelines of cancer evolution, per tumor type. For example, the typical timeline of ovarian adenocarcinoma development shows that early tumor evolution is characterized by mutations in TP53, and widespread genome instability, with WGD events taking place on average 8 years prior to diagnosis. In later stages of evolution, signatures of defective repair processes increase, and the MRCA emerges on average 1 year before diagnosis. Taken together, these data reveal the common and divergent evolutionary trajectories available to a cancer, which might be crucial in understanding specific tumor biology, and in providing new opportunities for early detection and cancer prevention. Citation Format: Clemency Jolly, Moritz Gerstung, Ignaty Leshchiner, Stefan C. Dentro, Santiago Gonzalez, Thomas J. Mitchell, Yulia Rubanova, Pavana Anur, Daniel Rosebrock, Kaixian Yu, Maxime Tarabichi, Amit Deshwar, Jeff Wintersinger, Kortine Kleinheinz, Ignacio Vasquez-Garcia, Kerstin Haase, Subhajit Sengupta, Geoff Macintyre, Salem Malikic, Nilgun Donmez, Dimitri G. Livitz, Mark Cmero, Jonas Demeulemeester, Steve Schumacher, Yu Fan, Xiaotong Yao, Juhee Lee, Matthias Schlesner, Paul C. Boutros, David D. Bowtell, Hongtu Zhu, Gad Getz, Marcin Imielinski, Rameen Beroukhim, S Cenk Sahinalp, Yuan Ji, Martin Peifer, Florian Markowetz, Ville Mustonen, Ke Juan, Wenyi Wang, Quaid D. Morris, Paul T. Spellman, David C. Wedge, Peter Van Loo, PCAWG Evolution and Heterogeneity Working Group. The evolutionary history of 2,658 cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 218.

The main goal of this study is comparative analysis of different methods used in design of digital fractional-order differentiator and integrator. The fractional-order digital differentiator or integrator can be described (in continuous time domain) with a transfer function H(s)=s^ɑ, where ɑ is a real number. To implement digital differentiators and integrators of arbitrary order the main step is the discretization. There are two common approaches of discretization. In this paper the direct and indirect discretization are presented but the emphasis will be on the indirect method, where the generating functions can be obtained through bilinear transformation, Al-Alaoui operator, Euler's backward operator and stable Simspon operator. The main differences between alternatives will be provided through analysis and comparison of their frequency responses - magnitude-frequency response, phase-frequency response and Nyquist diagrams.

Summary A number of risk behaviours, such as smoking, overweight, excessive alcohol intake, insufficient physical activity, excessive and frequent intake of salt, reduced fruit and vegetable intake, increased fat intake, which constitute living habits of an individual can influence the occurrence of hypertension and hyperglycaemia. The changing of these lifestyles can reduce the risk of developing prehypertension and prediabetes. The survey was conducted at student’s campuses. The respondents were subjected to the height, weight, blood glucose and blood pressure. Respondents filled in previously created questionnaire that was approved by the Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade. The percentage of respondents with a glucose value above the reference value was 14.6% (n=19), 2.4% (n=3) had values greater than 7 mmol/L without being diagnosed with diabetes, and accordingly, 2.4% (n=3) had elevated HbA1c values (above 42 mmol/mol or 6.0%). The percentage of respondents with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 14.9% and 7.4% respectively. Regarding calculated risk scores, they showed parallel increase with increas-ing of BMI (HPS), systolic and diastolic pressure (OHS), and glucose concentration (OPS). When analysing all the factors that could cause the later development of diabetes, which is associated with hypertension as well, it is observed that the student population is very much exposed to those factors. The results of this study cannot be representative for the general population of students, but they can provide recommendations for further research.

One of the most important health problems of today's society is hypokinesia accompanied by obesity. The assumption is that reduced physical activity has a large negative impact on the school population. The problem of reduced commitment and involvement of pupils in extracurricular activities is increasingly evident in recent times, which results in a number of negative health effects on the human body of an individual. This study comprised a group of pupils from first to the fourth year of elementary school in Pale (city East Sarajevo, BIH). The total sample consisted of 175 pupils (84 male and 91 female) age 11 to 14±0,5years. As a way of gathering the required information, we used an anonymous questionnaire of the open type in order to collect information about pupils involvement in extracurricular sports activities. The survey was conducted in October 2017 and all the pupils voluntarily participated in the study. Based on the survey results have been obtained the necessary information to reflect the very good of physical activity, of the pupils population. Of the total sample of pupils, the survey confirmed that 100% are physically active pupils. This is an encouraging result because today we have less physically active school children.

<p style="text-align: justify;">PowerPoint is a popular classroom tool to make simple presentations. Such presentations can be flat when creating interactive lessons for students to use while sitting in front of the computers. Using built-in scripting features, Visual Basic for Applications, the interactivity of PowerPoint can be extended to unlimited dimensions. This paper has to aim to introduce basic scripts needed for modeling quiz questions and it is focused on educators<br />with little or no programming background. Quiz questions can be an important part of the e-learning.</p>

Motivation Segmental duplications (SDs) or low‐copy repeats, are segments of DNA > 1 Kbp with high sequence identity that are copied to other regions of the genome. SDs are among the most important sources of evolution, a common cause of genomic structural variation and several are associated with diseases of genomic origin including schizophrenia and autism. Despite their functional importance, SDs present one of the major hurdles for de novo genome assembly due to the ambiguity they cause in building and traversing both state‐of‐the‐art overlap‐layout‐consensus and de Bruijn graphs. This causes SD regions to be misassembled, collapsed into a unique representation, or completely missing from assembled reference genomes for various organisms. In turn, this missing or incorrect information limits our ability to fully understand the evolution and the architecture of the genomes. Despite the essential need to accurately characterize SDs in assemblies, there has been only one tool that was developed for this purpose, called Whole‐Genome Assembly Comparison (WGAC); its primary goal is SD detection. WGAC is comprised of several steps that employ different tools and custom scripts, which makes this strategy difficult and time consuming to use. Thus there is still a need for algorithms to characterize within‐assembly SDs quickly, accurately, and in a user friendly manner. Results Here we introduce SEgmental Duplication Evaluation Framework (SEDEF) to rapidly detect SDs through sophisticated filtering strategies based on Jaccard similarity and local chaining. We show that SEDEF accurately detects SDs while maintaining substantial speed up over WGAC that translates into practical run times of minutes instead of weeks. Notably, our algorithm captures up to 25% ‘pairwise error’ between segments, whereas previous studies focused on only 10%, allowing us to more deeply track the evolutionary history of the genome. Availability and implementation SEDEF is available at https://github.com/vpc‐ccg/sedef.

In this paper, we consider the cooperative system [Formula: see text] where all parameters [Formula: see text] are positive numbers and the initial conditions [Formula: see text] are nonnegative numbers. We describe the global dynamics of this system in a number of cases. An interesting feature of this system is that it exhibits a coexistence of locally stable equilibrium and locally stable periodic solutions as well as the Allee effect.

Traditional folk music of Bosnia and Herzegovina can be best understood in light of the multicultural heritage of Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats, as well as many ethnic minority groups. But in the period 1878–1918, traditional music became open to Western European influences. Openness, as well as exposure, to the “new” becomes one of the characteristic signs of the Austro-Hungarian empire, whose new system of governance brought the unknown Western European cultural spirit to the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the mentioned period, new musical instruments appeared, which were previously unknown (e.g. clarinet, accordion), as well as professional musical ensembles which were not common in Bosnian tradition. These and similar appearances made the period of Austro-Hungarian empire a unique turning point in the development of urban traditional music which was developed within the Bosnian and Herzegovinian cafes.