The consequences of improper land management are long-term, inadequate for agricultural production, and reflected through the loss of land, reduced yields, soil erosion, etc. In order to determine the optimal role or suitability of the land for apple cultivation within the Bužim municipality, a survey was conducted according to the FAO method of AEZ (FAO, 1976), and based on the obtained results, an assessment of the suitability of the land for apple cultivation was carried out. It was found that a significant land portion of the total of 13,026.27 ha agricultural land within the Municipality of Bužim is suitable for fruit production marked from S1 to N suitability class. Thus, the areas with the best graded class S1 cover only 1.23% or 159.52 ha, the S2 class occupies 5.51% (717.24 ha), the S3 class occupies 2.29% (298.24 ha). However, the largest areas are marked as the unfavourable N-class with 36.68% (4,772.60 ha). It is evident that pre-existing conditions for apple production within the municipality do exist. With the implementation of the necessary measures of soil/ land regulation, education of agricultural producers, and mindfulness of constraint factors hindering intensive production such as terrain slope, depth, rockiness and soil response, progress in production can be made. Key words: municipality of Bužim, soil suitability, apple, AEZ.

Trg Ustikolina se spominje jos od 1394. godine u kontekstu trgovine voskom, kojom se narocito bavilo lokalno stanovnistvo. Osim toga, u Ustikolini su veoma rano bili aktivni i dubrovacki trgovci. Prema misljenju nekih od vodecih regionalnih medievista, Ustikolina nije mogla izdržati konkurenciju obližnjih, naprednijih trgova, Goražda i Foce, te se zbog toga ovaj trg nije mogao održati dugo. Međutim, iz sadržaja osmanskih izvora vidljivo je da su osmanske vlasti vec od prvog popisa 1468/1469. evidentirale prihode od tržne takse na pazaru Ustikolina, sto pokazuje da se, ipak, aktivno trgovalo. Kako bi se unaprije­dila trgovina, sredinom 16. stoljeca focanski kadija poslao je Porti pismenu predstavku za promjenu održavanja sedmicnog pazara u Ustikolini. Traženo je da se pazar održava petkom umjesto subotom. Ovaj korak je poduzet radi racionaliziranja vremena i olaksavanja aktivnosti stanovnistva Ustikoline i njene okolice. Konkretan cilj je bio da se u istom danu mogu obaviti najvažniji sedmicni poslovi i prisustvovati obaveznoj sedmicnoj molitvi (džuma). U radu je posebna pažnja posvecena analizi dokumenta kojeg je Porta uputila focanskom kadiji u vezi s tim. Sadržaj spomenutog dokumenta otkriva nacin na koji je Osmanska država rjesavala određene probleme važne za lokalnu za­jednicu, a održavanje sedmicnog pazara bio je jedan od takvih. Također, iz do­kumenta se može utvrditi kako je Ustikolina imala džemat muslimana, džamiju u kojoj se obavljala centralna sedmicna molitva (džuma), pazar i ustanovljen pazarni dan, sto su bili osnovni preduvjeti da se neko mjesto proglasi kasabom. U radu su spomenute slicne prakse iz ovdasnjih krajeva, ali i glavne prijestol­nice Istanbula, sto je jedan od pokazatelja centraliziranosti Osmanske države u 16. stoljecu. Na osnovu izloženog, primjetna je efikasnost upravnog aparata i to da administrativno uredovanje u nacinu funkcioniranja velikih i malih mjesta nije bilo prepusteno slucaju. U konkretnom primjeru, primjetno je da je pitanje uspostave i promjene sedmicnog pazara rjesavano službenim putem, definiranim državnim protokolom. --------------------------------------- Market Ustikolina and weekly market day in the 16th century Ustikolina market has been mentioned since 1394 for the business of the local population, which was especially engaged in the wax trade. In addition, Du­brovnik merchants were active in Ustikolina very early on. According to some of the leading historians of the medieval period, Ustikolina could not withstand the competition of the nearby, more advanced markets, Goražde and Foca. However, from the content of sources, it is evident that the Ottoman authorities have been recorded revenues from the market tax on the Ustikolina market since the first census of 1468/1469. That means that there were trade activities before that period. In order to improve trade, in the middle of the 16th century, the local judge sent to Porte a written petition to change the weekly market in Ustikolina. It was requested that the market be held on Fridays instead of Saturdays. Local authorities wanted to rationalize and facilitate the activities of the population of Ustikolina and its surroundings and make them able to do the most important weekly tasks on the same day and attend the obligatory Friday prayer. The paper pays special attention to the analysis of the document that Porte sent to the local judge in this regard. The content of the mentioned document reveals the way in which the Ottoman state solved certain problems that were important for the local community, and the holding of the weekly market was one of those. Also, from the document, it can be established that Ustikolina had a local Muslim community, a mosque where the central weekly prayer was performed, a market, and an established market day, which were the basic preconditions for declaring a place for an urban settlement. The paper mentions similar practices from the local area, but also from the main capital of Istanbul, which is one of the indicators to what extent it was centralized the Ottoman state in the 16th century. Based on the above, can be seen the efficiency of the governing apparatus whose administrative ar­rangement in the way of functioning of large and small places was not left to chance. In the concrete example, it can be seen that the issue of establishing and changing the weekly market was resolved officially, which was defined by the state protocol.

Roman Braća Karamazovi F. M. Dostojevskog sa pitanjima koje postavlja – timotika čovjeka – ništa nije izgubio od svoje aktuelnosti. Ovaj rad je pokušaj da se savremenom čovjeku približe teme sa kojima se tzv. prva pitanja svode na egzistencijalna pitanja, metafizika na etiku. Dostojevski za čitatelje, putem svojih junaka, iznosi misli o povijesti življenja čovjeka na zemlji i njegovoj patnji, o slobodi i vjeri, vlasti i tajni, o autoritetu i moralu, te o samoj čovjekovoj prirodi. Zašto postoji zlo u svijetu, zašto postoji patnja?, da li čovjek, uopšte, može voljeti drugog čovjeka, može li voljeti „bez Boga“, je li u stanju „djelotvorno voljeti“, i može li, na koncu, Thanatos biti inkorporiran u Eros!? – pitanja su koja opsjedaju junake Dostojevskog. Dostojevski je u ovom romanu prikazao sukob nekoliko svjetova koji je u konačnici nerazrješiv bilo kakvim sistemom binarnih opozicija. Pojedinačni principi Ivana ili Zosime, Krista ili Velikog Inkvizitora, Aljoše ili Smerdjakova, uz svjetove svih drugih likova, čitamo kao jedan univerzum suprotnosti i, u isto vrijeme, neke čudne veze među svim tim svjetovima koji se, čini se, ne mogu do kraja razumski dokučiti. Stoga, dva oprečna pogleda na jednu te istu stvar ovdje ne znače raslojavanje stvarnosti, nego znače govor o njenoj suštini, njenoj očiglednoj istini.

Cilj ovog rada je propitivanje odnosa bosanskohercegovačkih historičara prema postojećim raznovrsnim historijskim izvorima koji donose podatke o uzrocima ustanka 1875–1878, posebno iz perspektive procjene motiva njihovog korištenja. Kao dio istog cilja, procjenjujem da li se, na primjeru definiranja primarnih uzroka ustanka 1875–1878. godine, teži predstaviti nedodirljiva historijska istina ili ponuditi multiperspektivna slika uzroka ustanka. Posebna pažnju posvećujem utjecaju tekstova vodećeg historičara ustanka Milorada Ekmečića, koji je o ustanku pisao u drugoj polovini 20. i na početku 21. stoljeća, na historiografske tokove o ovoj važnoj temi iz prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Kao primarna ciljna grupa određeni su historičari koji u 21. stoljeću djeluju u institucijama u Bosni i Hercegovini, ali i oni koji su svoje bavljenje fenomenom ustanaka počeli na njenim prostorima a nastavili u Srbiji.

Yielding from an overall quantitative study of the residential sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), this chapter concentrates on the ratio between single-family and collective housing, as well as on the urban-rural ratio of the single-family housing. Based on the data from the existing building stock (buildings built by 2014) and the statistical estimates, 23% of the buildings belong to the urban areas and 77% belong to the rural areas. The main goal was to study the correlation between the characteristics of the building envelope, the shape factor (A/V ratio) and the energy savings potential for the application of conventional measures of refurbishment of the building envelope of the single-family houses (type of buildings, which dominate in rural and urban areas). The chapter wraps up with recommendations for the adequate level of the energy performance indicator (energy need for heating) for the approved energy class for single-family houses located in the climate zone of the northern B&H.

: The hydroxide precipitation method, using NaOH as a precipitant agent, was conducted to treat synthetic monocomponent and two-component water solutions of Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ with initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/l of each metal. The effect of pH and initial concentration of lead and zinc ions on their removal were investigated. The precipitation experiments were carried out by batch method that involves the mixing of NaOH with solutions containing metal ions to occur nucleation, solid growth and subsequent separation of precipitates from solution by filtration. The results showed that the removal efficiency was increased by increasing of pH and initial concentration of metal ions in their water solutions. Hydroxide precipitation method using NaOH is an ef-ficient technique for the removal of lead and zinc ions from their monocomponent and two-component water solutions of different concentrations, with maximum removal efficiency in the pH range of 10.32 to 11.39.