Abstract Around the world, there are varieties of healthcare systems, each with its own characteristics and organizational structure according to national resources, requirements, and needs. Bearing this in mind it is very difficult to give a general definition for the healthcare system. Basically, it can be defined as a normatively accepted system of society and government in protecting and improving the population health, with all system factors affecting organized and constantly evolving as part of a general country social system. Each healthcare system consists of medical institutions which in addition to personnel and infrastructure must possess the necessary equipment in order to perform the correct diagnosis and treatment of their patients. In addition to the knowledge and experience of medical doctors, inpatient diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to have the correct and tested medical apparatus. Diversity and innovativeness of medical devices, as a result of the evolving field of biomedical engineering, significantly contribute to improvement in quality and efficiency of healthcare services

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause an average of 17.7 million deaths each year (44% of NCD fatalities) making it one of the most deserving topics for research on prevention. CVD are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels which is the most significant cause of death globally. Despite the critical fatality rate 90% CVD can be prevented by taking necessary precautions.

Due to the development of information communication technologies (ICT), the number of medical devices (MDs) with telemetric possibilities is rising, so the concept of homecare is gaining importance. Also, new generation medical devices are equipped with artificial intelligence that is able to perform real-time analysis of measurement result and provide diagnosis prediction. This is the Industry 4.0 happening now. However, there is still traditional approach in management of medical devices. As medical devices have been sophisticated, management systems should improve so they can encompass all the important aspects regarding safety of patients and quality of care. This chapter presents how the technology of Industry 4.0 can be used to improve medical device maintenance systems by application of artificial intelligence (AI). Clinical engineering and health technology management departments benefit from such systems in terms of increase of safety and quality of patient diagnosis and treatments, and cost optimization in medical device management.

Abstract Medical devices (MDs) are sophisticated electronic systems whose performances vary depending on the production quality and the environmental conditions in which they are used (European Commission, n.d.-a). Safety and performance of MDs are defined by international standards issued by prominent worldwide organizations and national regulatory bodies (International Organisation for Standardization – ISO, n.d.; International Electrotechnical Commission, n.d.). Although, production process of MDs is regulated by various international and national legal frameworks and procedures (World Health Organisation, n.d.), safety and quality of MD performance in real settings are still not defined. That is the reason why, despite the existence of regulations for MDs unfortunate incidents are not uncommon around the world. Existing frameworks are mostely based on postmarket surveillance performed by manufacturers and distributors, or local health technology assessment (HTA) units. This is done through the establishment of databases for reporting incidents involving MDs. That practice is adopted in United States. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (n.d.) receives thousands of reports each year detailing the deaths, serious injuries, and malfunctions associated with MDs. These incidents are, in United States, reported either by healthcare institution or by manufacturer to central database of incidents called Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) (Food and Drug Administration (FDA), n.d.). In the Europe, as part of IDABC (Interoperable Delivery of European eGovernment Services to public Administrations, Businesses, and Citizens) program, information system for exchanging legal information related to the application of European Union Directives on medical devices [European Union database on Medical Devices (EUDAMED)] was established (European Commission, n.d.-c). Nowadays, most manufacturers recommend different preventive maintenance procedures for preoperative checking of MD as only method of assessment during usage. All of this suggests that evidence-based performance and safety inspection of MDs already used in health care should be adopted to ensure safety and performance reliability of MDs. Performance inspection regulations exist for other devices with measuring function (electricity meters, gas meters, scales) and it is conducted periodically based on metrological procedures so measurements are traceable to international standards. Therefore, this chapter gives an overview of key elements for legal metrology framework for inspection od MD safety and performance that can be part of various HTAs protocols.

Abstract It has been stated multiple times that we live in modern age, where technology has a great impact on our lives. We perform a lot of tasks using technology, so we communicate much quicker, plan, organize, pay bills, and control appliances at home and all by using one application. But what is the most important thing for a human? Is it the technology, money, or something else? Are you capable of performing any task if you have increased body temperature, high blood pressure, or unbalanced heart rate? Health has always been, is, and will always be the most important thing that for sure should be taken care of.The development of medical devices has dramatically changed the way medical care is provided to patients. Nowadays, medical professionals are working with sophisticated medical devices, but the interpretation of obtained values and understanding of their function is very important. Due to the gap in this area, patient safety issue is gaining on its importance. Recently, a majority of healthcare institutions are undertaking accreditation procedures, depending on national legislation, to ensure the quality of treatment provided to their patients. The reason for such activities is increasing competitiveness on national and international markets, especially now when a major shift from public to private health care can be observed. However, even in these situations, mechanisms for ensuring patient safety, in terms of medical device reliability achieved through postmarket supervision, are not well defined. This is proven by numerous incident reports involving various medical devices including infant incubators, but importantly emphasized by recent amendments to medical device directives at the European level.

Crises are an inevitable part of the life cycle of any organisation, regardless of its location, size, market, and sector. At the beginning of 2020, all organisations faced a new crisis caused by a COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid spread of the disease and its consequences to human health required a quick reaction of organisations to protect the health and safety of employees through physical distancing. Organisations had to reorganise their way of doing business and adapt to new circumstances. The first response to the crisis is to activate or form a crisis management team. The main goal of the crisis management team is to prepare the organisation for a new way of functioning by using all its opportunities and strengths to minimise the negative effects of the crisis. The success of crisis management and the recovery of an organisation depend on the quality of functioning of the crisis management team. The results of a survey conducted during April and May 2020 which included 108 members of crisis management teams showed that the respective teams responded adequately to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Research results showed that team members reacted quickly to the first signs of the crisis. They made real-time decisions by using a holistic approach due to their different knowledge, skills and experience, clear team roles, commitment to a common goal, open, honest and effective communication, and mutual trust.

been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/aisy.201900189. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved CMOS and Memristive Hardware for Neuromorphic Computing Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi, Ying-Chen Chen, Jason K. Eshraghian, Jia Chen, Chih-Yang Lin, Amirali Amirsoleimani, Adnan Mehonic, Anthony J Kenyon, Burt Fowler, Jack C Lee, Yao-Feng Chang College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, United States Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, United Kingdom mostafa.rahimiazghadi@jcu.edu.au, yfchang@utexas.edu ABSTRACT The ever-increasing processing power demands of digital computers cannot continue to be fulfilled indefinitely unless there is a paradigm shift in computing. Neuromorphic computing, which takes A cc ep te d A rti cl e