Numerous authors recommend participation in various types of aerobic exercise, pointing out their positive effects both in terms of the prevention of various illnesses, and in the improvement of one’s health status. The increasingly popular group fitness programs, as preprogrammed forms of physical exercise to music, have positive effects on body composition among women, such as a decrease in body mass and fat, and thus lead to an improvement in overall physical appearance. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise to music on body composition and subcutaneous fat among young women. In order to compile data from existing research on the effects of aerobic exercise on young women, the following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, SCIndeks, PEDro, J-GATE, DOAJ and Google Scholar. The systematic review was undertaken in accordance with the statement of Preferred Reports for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Papers dating from 2006 to 2019 were analyzed. The research results confirm the positive influence of aerobic exercise to music on the parameters of body composition and subcutaneous fat among young women, irrespective of the overall duration of the exercise programs, with the conclusion that programs lasting up to 12 weeks are more effective when it comes to the decrease and maintenance of body weight, fat reduction, increase in muscle tissue, and lead to an improvement in aerobic abilities. The best effects of this type of exercise at an intensity level of 50 to 80% of maximum heart rate are primarily achieved among obese and overweight individuals.

Abstract The word “standard” is used for various issues and has different purposes and different meanings and definitions. In this chapter standard is used to describe its application in science and technology. In accordance with ISO/IEC GUIDE 2:2004 in science and technology, the English word “standard” is used with two different meanings, as normative standard and as a measurement standard. In this chapter, the meaning and application of normative standard will be described in detail. Normative standard is a document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines, or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context. In essence, a standard is an agreed way of doing something. It could be about making a product, managing a process, delivering a service, or supplying materials—standards can cover a huge range of activities undertaken by organizations and used by their customers. Standards are the distilled wisdom of people with expertise in their subject matter and who know the needs of the organizations they represent—people such as manufacturers, sellers, buyers, customers, trade associations, users, or regulators. Standards are produced for many different products and services, and may be created for company, national, regional, or global application. They may be used on a voluntary basis, or made mandatory by company policy, national or international regulation, or by law. In Europe there are three different categories of standard: ● International Standard—a standard adopted by an international standardization organization. ● European Standard—a standard adopted by a European standardization body. ● National Standard—a standard adopted by a national standardization body and made available to the public.

Abstract People usually do not make any difference between laws and regulations but there is certain difference in hierarchy between laws and regulations. In the United States, e.g., Congress, and only Congress, creates laws. Federal executive departments and administrative agencies write regulations to implement the authority of laws. Regulations (as well as Executive Orders and Proclamations) are ancillary or subordinate to laws but both laws and regulations are enforceable. The US Code is the official compilation of current, codified laws by subject; the US Statutes-at-Large is the official chronological compilation of all laws; and the Code of Federal Regulations is the official compilation of regulations.

Abstract Medical devices with a measuring function have to be periodically inspected. Periodical inspection of these devices is necessary to protect the end users as well as personnel who use them for establishing diagnoses for patient treatment. Incorrect and imprecise measuring results can lead to misdiagnosis, and therefore to wrong treatment. To avoid these unwanted situations, medical devices with the measuring function have to be regularly inspected in accordance with the prescribed inspection procedures. These procedures have to be approved by a state authorized body responsible for this area. Also, medical devices with measuring function in some countries are a part of the legal metrology system. Because of the high importance of these devices, their inspection needs to be carried out by inspection bodies with proven competences. The most reliable way of proving competences is through the fulfillment of requirements resulting from ISO/IEC 17020. This chapter briefly elaborates on the requirements arising from this standard as well as the mode for its implementation. This chapter aims to facilitate the implantation of the ISO/IEC 17020 standard for future inspection bodies for performing the inspection in a competent and impartial manner. Accurate and precise medical devices with measuring function will enable professional personnel to properly establish diagnoses for patient treatment. There are many advantages of regular inspection of medical devices, and the greatest advantage is the protection of the patient’s lives.

Abstract Pediatric and neonate incubators today are more sophisticated than the first prototypes but basic functions remained the same. They provide controlled environmental conditions needed to treat prematurely born infants who are not able to endure all the conditions outside the womb or infants born with certain diseases or health conditions.

Abstract This chapter will show the extent to which the introduction of medical devices into legal metrology has affected the accuracy and effectiveness of 10 medical devices. Medical devices that are introduced into the legal metrology system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as of 2015 are: ECG, defibrillator, patient monitor, infusion pumps, perfusors, respirators, anesthesia machines, dialysis machines, neonatal and pediatric incubators, and therapeutic ultrasound. It is extremely important that medical devices work properly and precisely, because analysis, interpretations, prints, and reports are formed from these basic measurements through data processing and calculation, based on which doctors draw conclusions, diagnose, and determine the course of treatment. The development of medical devices is an extremely complex process and is subject to a large number of directives, standards, and recommendations that the device must meet in terms of functionality and, in particular, safety, depending on the purpose of the device. This chapter outlines the role of inspection of medical devices to increase accuracy and efficiency in Bosnia and Herzegovina over a period of 3 years. The analysis is based on data collected in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period of January 1, 2015 until December 31, 2017. This was collected through an online software to monitor the status of inspection of legal benchmarks in health care. In this analysis, the quality of the work of nine medical devices (infusion pumps and perfusors are viewed together) was measured over a period of 3 years (2015–17) in order to determine the efficiency of the device by monitoring the number of accurate or faulty devices individually and for all devices together. The data are collected in an Excel file and statistical analyses are made in that file. In the inferential statistical analysis, conclusions regarding the differences were made at the usual level of significance of 0.05, that is, a confidence level of 95%.

Abstract Intensive care units are run and staffed by specialists trained in intensive care. Once a patient is admitted to the unit, the intensive care team will manage the care of the patient in consultation with the original team that admitted the patient to the hospital and any other specialists that they think can help to aid the patient’s recovery. The intensive care doctors and nurses will give the best overview and general update on the patient, but they may refer relatives to the specialist teams for discussion of certain aspects of care.