Background Understanding the anatomy and morphological variability of the orbital region is of great importance in clinical practice, forensic medicine, and biological anthropology. Several methods are used to estimate sex based on the skeleton or parts of the skeleton: classic methods and the geometric morphometric method. The objective of this research was to analyse sex estimation of the orbital region on a sample of skulls from a Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on three-dimensional models of 211 human adult skulls (139 males and 72 females) from the Osteological Collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The skulls were recorded using a laser scanner to obtain skull 3D models. We marked 12 landmarks on each model to analyse sexual dimorphism. Landmarks were marked using the program Landmark Editor. After marking the landmarks, we used the MorphoJ program to analyse the morphological variability between male and female orbital regions. Results After Procrustes superimposition, generating a covariant matrix, and introducing sex as a variable for classification, a discriminant functional analysis (DFA) was applied which determined the estimation for males with 86.33% accuracy and for females with 88.89% based on the form of the orbital region. The results of regression analysis showed that the size of the orbital region has a statistically significant effect on its shape's sexual dimorphism. After excluding the influence of size and providing DFA, we concluded that sex estimation was possible with 82.01% accuracy for males and 80.55% accuracy for females based on the shape of the orbital region in the examined sample. Conclusion Sex estimation based on the orbital region was possible with more than 80% accuracy for both sexes, which is a high percentage of correct estimation. Therefore, we recommend using the orbital region of the skull for sex estimation.

Abstract Objectiv: Anatomic characterization of the nutrient artery of upper extremity long bones differs among the several textbooks on human anatomy. To elucidate the anatomical features of the nutrient foramen (NF) through which the nutrient arteries pass, we examined the morphology and topography of the NF on the diaphysis of the long bones of the upper extremities. Methods: A total of 150 (50 humeri, 50 radii, 50 ulnae) macerated and degreased adults, long bones of the upper extremities, unknown age, and gender were used as material in this study. The following parameters were determined for each bone: total number of NF, foramina index (FI), total bone length, position of the NF based on the FI value and the surface of the shaft/body of the bones, and obliquity of the nutritional canal (NC). Results: The largest number of NF was found on the middle third of the anteromedial side of the humerus diaphysis, with NC directed distally, that is, towards the elbow. Radius and ulna had predominantly one NF, on middle third of anterior surface, with NC directed proximally. Conclusion: This study provides additional and important information on the location and number of NF in the long bones of the upper and lower extremities in the Bosnian and Herzegovinian population.

Background: Zearalenone is a widely spread mycotoxin, contaminant of most cereal grains. It has uterotropic, estrogenic and anabolic activity in farm animals. The results are hormonal disbalances as hyperestrogenism, Zearalenone inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone production, thus supressing ovarian follicle development and ovulation. Also, it induces oxidative stress. Melatonin acts as a potent natural antioxidant and regulates the reproductive function by modification of steroidogenesis. Objective: The present study was conducted to provide detailed qualitative histological analysis of uterus of female rats treated with zearalenone and melatonin and contribute to better understanding of the topic. Methods: Forty adult, female Wistar rats were equally divided into five groups: Z group – zearalenone, 0,3 mg/kg, i.g.; M group – melatonin, 10 mg/kg, i.p.; ZM group –concomitant application of zearalenone and melatonin in the same dosing regimen, VZ group–zearalenone vehiculum/sunflower oil, i.g. and MZ group–melatonin vehiculum/5% ethanol in Ringer, i.p. Animals were treated daily for 28 consecutive days. After that period, all animals were sacrificed to obtain samples for qualitative histological analysis using the light microscope. Results: Zearalenone led to the alterations of the uterine structures, predominantly in the endometrium that were characterized by metaplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelial cells and hypercellularity of the stroma. In the myometrium, zearalenone induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the myocytes. Conclusion: Melatonin, when applied together with zearalenone, blocked the adverse effects of the zearalenone.

Objective. The aim of this study was to learn about the morphological characteristics of the supraorbital foramen and to determine its precise position in relation to the surrounding anatomical landmarks in the adult population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Material and Methods. For this purpose, 60 skulls from the Bosnia and Herzegovina population of known sex (32 males and 28 females), taken from the osteological collection of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo, were subjected to morphological and morphometric analysis. Morphometric measurements were performed using a digital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Japan). Results. The study showed that most supraorbital nerves exit the orbit through the supraorbital notch (73.8%) and the rest through the foramen (26.2%). Of this number, bilateral supraorbital notches were recorded in 58.33% of cases, a bilateral supraorbital foramen in 18.34% of cases, while in 23.33% of cases a notch was recorded on one side and a foramen on the contralateral side. Morphometric measurements performed to determine the exact position of the supraorbital foramen relative to the surrounding landmarks showed different values in males and females. An accessory foramen was also observed on the examined skulls in 16.67% of cases. Conclusion. Detailed knowledge of anatomical variations of the supraorbital foramen is required for safe and successful administration of regional anesthesia, in order to avoid iatrogenic nerve injuries during orbitofacial region surgery.

ABSTRACT Introduction:  The importance of studying anatomical variation is also indicated by the fact that more than 10% of clinical vices occur as a result of ignoring and neglecting the existence of these. The study of anatomical variation therefore has a significant place in medical education, both due to the way in which they occur and the incidence of occurrence, and the practical application of acquired knowledge in clinical practice. Aim: The aim of the paper is to determine the frequency of occurrence of supernumerary renal arteries as well as their position in relation to the kidney. Material and Methods:  The analysis covered 209 patients who for any therapeutic reasons were operated at the Urology Clinic of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo. In the preoperative period, within the diagnostic procedure, all patients were analyzed using three-dimensional radiological methods (CT and MR). Results: Of the total number of supernumerary renal arteries found, the most commonly registered lower polar arteries, followed by hilar arteries, and the rarest upper polar arteries. A larger number of supernumerary renal arteries were registered with the CT method (35 versus 29). Correlation test found that the location of supernumerary renal arteries, with the use of both diagnostic methods, does not depend on gender of the subjects because it is p > 0.05. Conclusion:  Thorough knowledge of the renal artery structure is essential to ensure that all surgical procedures are performed safely and efficiently, providing us with modern radiological techniques.The greatest contribution to morphological and topographic research of the living organism is the use of modern three-dimensional radiological methods, such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR). Keywords: Supernumerary renal arteries, CT, MR

Introduction:  Determination of sex from an unknown human bone is an important role in forensic and anthropology field. The mandible is the largest and hardest facial bone, that commonly resist post mortem damage and forms an important source of information about sexual dimorphism. Aim:  To determine the sex of unknown human adult mandible using metrical parameters. Material and Methods: A random collection of 80 dry, complete, undamaged human adult mandibles of Bosnia and Herzegovina population were subjected to metrical parameters like Bigonial width, Bicondylar width using specially designed Ellips software. The data’s were expressed as Mean ± SD and then analysed by t-test by use of SPSS software. Discriminating point and limiting points were also calculated. Results: In the present study, the Bigonial width was observed to be 9.57 ±5.19 cm in males and 8.87 ± 6.78 cm in females. The independent t test was done on to compare the two sets of means and P value was less than 0.0001 (p<0.05) which proves to be statistically significant. The Bicondylar width was observed to be 11.27 ± 5.57 cm in males and 10.75 ± 7.68 cm in females. The independent t test was done to compare the two sets of means and P value was less than 0.008 (p<0.05) which proves to be statistically significant. Conclusion:  The present study revealed that the sex of human mandible can be assessed by using metrical parameters as an additional tool to establish the identity of a person. Keywords:  Mandible, Sex determination, Bigonial width, Bicondylar width

SUMMARY Objectives: The objective of this research was to determine the morphometric characteristics of lateral pterygoid plate, incidence and detailed anatomy of pterygospinous and pterygoalar bony bridges and their correlation with oval foramen. Material and methods: The anatomical variations of lateral pterygoid plate were studied at 100 dried human skulls (50 males, 50 females), bilaterally. The statistical analyses were conducted according to the side of cranium, gender and age. Results : The presence of complete pterygospinous foramen was found in 4% and presence of pterygoalar foramen in 15% of cases. The significant difference of incomplete pterygospinous bony bridges incidence according to gender has not been confirmed. However, it has been established higher frequency of complete pterygospinous and pterygoalar foramen, as well as incomplete pterygoalar foramen in men compared with female skulls. Higher frequency of pterygospinous foramen was noticed on male skulls in comparing to female skulls with a ratio 3/1. The pterygoalar foramen had left-sided predominance, independently to gender. We found a significantly higher frequency in presence of complete ossified pterygoalar bony bridges on the left side (12% cases), comparing to right side (3% cases) regardless to gender. Conclusion: Ossifications of pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments aren't as rare as previously thought. While interpreting radiological images and performing procedures that require access to foramen ovale, infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal region, variable ossified formations at lateral plate's posterior border of pterygoid process should be kept in mind. Key words: Lateral pterygoid plate, pterygospinous and pterygoalar bony bridges, the pterygospinous and pterygoalar foramen

Objectives: Th e objective of this research was to determine the morphometric characteristics of lateral pterygoid plate, incidence and detailed anatomy of pterygospinous and pterygoalar bony bridges and their correlation with oval foramen. Material and methods: Th e anatomical variations of lateral pterygoid plate were studied at 100 dried human skulls (50 males, 50 females), bilaterally. Th e statistical analyses were conducted according to the side of cranium, gender and age. Results: Th e presence of complete pterygospinous foramen was found in 4% and presence of pterygoalar foramen in 15% of cases. Th e signifi cant diff erence of incomplete pterygospinous bony bridges incidence according to gender has not been confi rmed. However, it has been established higher frequency of complete pterygospinous and pterygoalar foramen, as well as incomplete pterygoalar foramen in men compared with female skulls. Higher frequency of pterygospinous foramen was noticed on male skulls in comparing to female skulls with a ratio 3/1. Th e pterygoalar foramen had left-sided predominance, independently to gender. We found a signifi cantly higher frequency in presence of complete ossifi ed pterygoalar bony bridges on the left side (12% cases), comparing to right side (3% cases) regardless to gender. Conclusion: Ossifi cations of pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments aren’t as rare as previously thought. While interpreting radiological images and performing procedures that require access to foramen ovale, infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal region, variable ossifi ed formations at lateral plate’s posterior border of pterygoid process should be kept in mind.

OBJECTIVE To provide anatomical information on the position, morphological variations and incidence of mental foramen (MF) and accessory mental foramen (AMF) as they are important for dental surgeons, anesthetists in nerve block and surgical procedures, to avoid injury to the neurovascular bundle in the mental foramen area. METHODS Our study was conducted on 150 adult dry human mandibles from the osteological collection of the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo. The location and shape of the MF and the presence of the AMF were studied by visual examination. The size and position of the MF were measured using a digital vernier caliper. SPSS, version 17 software was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Bilateral mental foramina were presented in all 150 mandibles. In the majority of mandibles, the MF was located between the first and second premolar (20.3%) or on the level of the root of the second premolar (60.3%), midway between the inferior margin and the alveolar margin of the mandible. Most of the mental foramina were oval in shape (83.3%). An AMF was present in four mandibles (2.7%) on the right side. CONCLUSION This study may be a very useful new supplement to data on variations in the incidence, position, shape and size of mental and accessory mental foramina, which may help surgeons, anaesthetists, neurosurgeons and dentists in carrying out surgical procedures successfully.

UNLABELLED We report a case of an unsual anatomical vascular blood supply to the right kidney. In an analysis of kidneys, by dissection of 39 foetuses, additional renal arteries were found in 18 cases (46.15%). In only one case (2.5%) was it noticed that the right kidney was supplied with blood by three renal arteries, one main and two additional arteries. One of the additional arteries, marked as the upper pole artery of aortic origin, separated from the thoracic aorta at the level of T11 (the eleventh thoracic rib), 1.5 cm above the truncus coeliacus. This artery, after passing through the diaphragm, entered the renal hilus at its upper part and served to vasculate that part of the kidney. CONCLUSION The importance of this study is seen in the fact that anatomic knowledge of variations in the vascularization of the kidneys is of exceptional practical importance. Also, this information may concern transplant surgeons involved in living donor nephrectomies.

Introduction: Willis arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri Willisi) is the most important part of the collateral circulatory system of the brain. It functions in normal and pathological situations such as valvular mechanism and thus allows optimal blood supply of all parts of the brain tissue, which reduces the risk of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke. The main pre-requisite for the normal function of the circle is its completeness and the lack of hypoplastic vessels. Materials and Methods: In this research, we used 100 angiograms of carotid system shown by serial angiography by Seldinger taken from the archives of the Department of Radiology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. For morphometric analysis of blood vessels, we used specially designed software program ELLIPSE (ViDiTo, Zoltan Tomoris, Kosice, Slovak Republic, tomori@saske.sk. In this way, it was possible to more easily store and analyze angiograms that were used for morphometric analysis. Results: In our study, larger diameters of blood vessels in Willis circle were observed in the younger subjects compared to older except the diameter of the internal carotid artery, which was about 0.2 to 0.3 mm larger in the older subjects. In both age groups among males, we recorded larger diameters of the internal carotid artery and segment before the circle of the posterior cerebral artery in relation to the female population, while the rear communicating artery in females was 0.1 mm wider in diameter compared to men in category of younger respondents.

Cerebrovascular deseases , cerebral vessels deseases, represents one of the greatest problems of humankind. The reasons are not just the high incidence and relatively high prevalence of letal outcomes in the acute faze of the desease, but also high level of disfunctionality caused by this disease in numerous patients who survived cerebrovascular insult and haemorraghe The onset, course and outcome of cerebrovascular diseases depends among other things on the possibility o f colateral brain circulation establishment. Willis ring onthe base of the brain is the most important anastomosis between circulation in both carotid arteries and basilar artery. First precondition for Willis ring t o function as valvular mechanisam is its intact configuration. But, it is found in almost half of th e subjectsincluded in the study that certain anatomical abnormalities in the Willis ring structure exist. Presence of these abnormalities favors onset of vascular diseases since they unables colateral circulation establishment. Studies till now have shown that all components of Willis ring do not contribute equally in colateral function among obstructive diseases.

In this paper was examined the occurrence frequently more of one kidney artery of the aortic origin. The examinations were performed on the 213 angiograms of the kidney artery by the method of the unselective renal angiography per Seldinger, in both sexes, of the various life ages. On the analyzed angiograms was the presence of these arteries in 25.82% of cases. They were more often at the right side in 49.09%, than on the left side in 36.36%, while their both side presence was found in 14.55%. Although are these arteries more frequently in male persons, a though the sex cannot be statistically significant the parameter for the determination the frequency of their occurrence. In the relation to the backbone column the level of the exit of this arteries from the aorta is the greatest number of cases between the trunk of the first and third loins vertebra (L1-L3) and all were directed according to the medial edge of the corresponding kidney. According the place of the entrance in the kidney can be differed three types of these arteries: the artery, and upper and low polar artery. On the analyzed angiograms most often were found the hilar and lower polar artery, while the upper polar artery was present in only seven cases of the total number of the analyzed angiograms. We consider that the recognition of the supernumerary arteries of the kidney there is both anatomically and the significance in the surgical and radiological practice and their best identification achieves by the application of the angiographic radiology methods.

As it is well known the beginning, the course and the result of the cerebral-vasculare disease depends on, among other stuff, the possibility of establishment of the brain collateral circulation. The Willis's artery circle based on brain is the most important anastomoses between the blood circulation of the both, carotid and basilar artery. However, in almost half of the cases of the examined circle of Willis, certain deviations from the normal anatomy configuration have been identified that immensely facilitate occurance of vascular diseases, because it makes difficult establishment of collateral blood circulation. In this particular study, 150 MRI patient's angiographics had been analyzed that were processed at the Radiology Institute of the Clinic Center of the University of Sarajevo. The morphologic variations of the circle of Willis were analyzed on these angiographics and those were patients who did not have any signs of cerebral-vasculare diseases. We have tried to determine which variations are the most commonly occuring in the front segment of the circle of Willis with two target groups (older -- above 60 years old and younger- up to 34 years old) and including both genders. The method of the MR angiography in two projections enabled good visualisation of all components of the circle of Willis and based on their analysis we have achieved the following results. The complete front configuration of the circle of Willis had been found with all patients in 76,7% of the cases. We noted slightly higher percentage of the anterior configuration with younger category of patients compared to older patients, and with males compared to females. Out of the variations that damage the anterior segment of the circle of Willis, the first one, according to the frequency of occuring, is the variation of the type of hypoplasia or aplasia of Al segment of the anterior cerebral artery, and then the variation marked as duplication or multiplication of the anterior communicating artery.