Histological diagnosis of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), the precursor of human papillomavirus (HPV)-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), can be challenging, as features of dVIN may mimic those of non-dysplastic dermatoses. To aid the diagnosis, p53-immunohistochemistry (IHC) is commonly used, and mutant expression patterns are used to support a histological diagnosis of dVIN. However, a proportion of dVIN can show wild-type p53-expression, which is characteristic of non-dysplastic dermatoses. Furthermore, recent research has identified a novel precursor of HPV-independent VSCC—the p53-wild-type differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesion (de-VIL). Currently, there are no established diagnostic IHC-markers for p53-wild-type dVIN or de-VIL. We evaluated IHC-markers, cytokeratin 17 (CK17), and SRY-box 2 (SOX2), as diagnostic adjuncts for dVIN. For this, IHC-expression of CK17, SOX2, and p53 was studied in dVIN (n = 56), de-VIL (n = 8), and non-dysplastic vulvar tissues (n = 46). For CK17 and SOX2, the percentage of cells showing expression, and the intensity and distribution of expression were recorded. We also performed next generation targeted sequencing (NGTS) on a subset of dVIN (n = 8) and de-VIL (n = 8). With p53-IHC, 74% of dVIN showed mutant patterns and 26% showed wild-type expression. Median percentage of cells expressing CK17 or SOX2 was significantly higher in dVIN (p53-mutant or p53-wild-type) and de-VIL than in non-dysplastic tissues (p < 0.01). Diffuse, moderate-to-strong, full epithelial expression of CK17 or SOX2 was highly specific for dVIN and de-VIL. With NGTS, TP53 mutations were detected in both dVIN and de-VIL. We infer that immunohistochemical markers CK17 and SOX2, when used along with p53, may help support the histological diagnosis of dVIN.

During cancer evolution constituent tumour cells compete under dynamic selection pressures. Phenotypic variation can be observed as intratumour heterogeneity, which is propagated by genome instability leading to mutations, somatic copy number alterations and epigenomic changes. TRACERx was set up in 2014 to observe the relationship between intratumour heterogeneity and patient outcome. By integrating multi-region sequencing of primary tumours with longitudinal sampling of a prospectively recruited patient cohort, cancer evolution can be tracked from early to late stage disease and through therapy. Here we review some of the key features of the studies and look to the future of the field.

Here we describe the major genetic and genomic aberrations found in myeloid malignancies and how those markers are used in patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, cytogenetic and molecular diagnostics for myeloid malignancies have been established and continually improved since 2005. We report the current state of available diagnostic tools for myeloid malignancies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Myeloid malignancies are a heterogeneous group of clonal blood diseases characterized by defects in hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitors that lead to abnormal proliferation, differentiation, localization, and self-renewal. Most common myeloid malignancies include myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Molecular diagnostics of myeloid malignancies have significantly expanded in the last decade with new genetic and genomic markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. CONCLUSION: In the last decade, several new genomic markers important for patient diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy have been discovered that need to be implemented in routine molecular diagnostics not only in developed nations but also in developing nations such as Bosnia and Herzegovina.

A generalized (6DOF) model for evaluating fragment trajectory elements is defined, which incorporates a novel model for estimating the projected surface of the body and novel model for estimating aerodynamic force and moment. This 6DOF model is developed on the basis of differential equations of the center of mass motion and movement around the center of mass (currently no known model incorporates movement of the body around its center of mass), and can model the parameters that play an essential role in movement of the bodies with irregular shape through the atmosphere. In our model the basic parameters (i.e. body dimensions) can be arbitrarily changed in the initial part of the analysis, and based on their values and values of initial kinematic parameters (initial velocity, position, orientation), trajectories can be determined (as well as other parameters: velocities, orientation) in a relatively short amount of time. The calculation of the complete trajectory of the fragments can be used in a number of applications: the analysis of the effects of the fragments (i.e. the safety analysis of the location of the ammunition depots, due to the potential explosion of the projectile) or in the estimation of a danger zones when demining larger quantities of the munition. Also, from the point of view of the parameters of the lethal zone of HE projectiles, it is generally important to estimate the trajectory of the fragments in the range up to 50m, so this model can be used to model such a scenario also. This model could also be potentially used wherever there is a need to calculate flight mechanics parameters of irregularly shaped bodies. Generalized (6DOF) model for estimation of an irregularly shaped body trajectory is implemented in a computer program, written in MatLab. Based on the model, the trajectory calculations were performed for the complete trajectory and for shorter distances to the center of the explosion, with varied geometric-inertial parameters and initial kinematic conditions for the given fragment.

A review of internal blast loads on structures modeling methods is presented in the paper. Also, numerical simulations of the internal explosion were done in software Ansys Autodyn. Critical areas of confined spaces were identified for this type of explosion event. Recommendations were given regarding the use of numerical simulations in blast wave parameter prediction, as well as suggestions for further research.

In the present paper we consider the nonlinear superposition operator \(F\) in Banach spaces of sequences \(l_p\) \((1\le p\le \infty)\), generated by the function \(f(s, u) = d(s) + a^{ku} - 1\), with \(a > 1\) and \(k\in \mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\). We find out the Rhodius spectra \(\sigma_R(F)\) and the Neuberger spectra \(\sigma_N(F)\) of these operators, depending on the values of \(k\).

Lubarda, B. & Topalić-Trivunović, Lj.: Alien flora of the city of Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Nat. Croat., Vol. 29, No. 2, 217-226, 2020, Zagreb. In the urban area of Banja Luka, 77 species of alien plants have been found, most of them neophytes (64.94%) while a smaller percentage are archeophytes (35.06%). Most of the plants originate from America (34), and Asiatic species rank second (17). Most of the alien plants belong to the Compositae family, in terms of life form are therophytes, and intention has been involved in their arrival in this area.The anthropogenic change indicator values have been shown to have a significant anthropogenic impact on the overall flora.

Nutrients are chemical substances obtained from food. They have different roles in body.  Some are used as energy source, some as structural materials, and regulating agents. Nutrients may reduce the risks of some diseases. There are some recommendations about dietary intake of these nutrients for optimal health. This study aimed to estimate average calcium and magnesium content in day meal in a sample of students from Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University. A cross-sectional study was conducted during academic 2015/16 year at Faculty of Medicine of Sarajevo University. The survey covered 44 students. The research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire, by which 3-Day Diet Record was provided. The average intakes of calcium and magnesium were estimated using Nutritional analysis computer program (Nutrics Professional Nutrition Analysis Software). On daily level average intake of calcium was 718.39±311.14 mg in total sample and average intake of magnesium was 292.57±310.10 mg in total sample. Average Ca/Mg ratio was 2.45. In our sample cheese was top source of calcium with Ca/Mg ratio of 32.5, and bread was top source of magnesium with Ca/Mg ratio of 3.1. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring the food nutrition facts in order to achieve adequate nutrients intake.