Bosnia and Herzegovina is among ten countries in the world with the highest mortality rate due to COVID-19 infection. Lack of lockdown, open borders, high mortality rate, no herd immunity, no vaccination plan, and strong domestic anti-vaccination movement present serious COVID-19 concerns in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In such circumstances, we set out to study if the population is willing to receive the vaccine. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 10,471 adults in Bosnia and Herzegovina to assess the attitude of participants toward COVID-19 vaccination. Using a logistic regression model, we assessed the associations of sociodemographic characteristics with vaccine rejection, reasons for vaccine hesitancy, preferred vaccine manufacturer, and information sources. Surprisingly, only 25.7% of respondents indicated they would like to get a COVID-19 vaccine, while 74.3% of respondents were either hesitant or completely rejected vaccination. The vaccine acceptance increased with increasing age, education, and income level. Major motivation of pro-vaccination behaviour was intention to achieve collective immunity (30.1%), while the leading incentive for vaccine refusal was deficiency of clinical data (30.2%). The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is shown to be eightfold more preferred vaccine compared to the other manufacturers. For the first time, vaccine acceptance among health care professionals has been reported, where only 39.4% of healthcare professionals expressed willingness to get vaccinated. With the high share of the population unwilling to vaccinate, governmental impotence in securing the vaccines supplies, combined with the lack of any lockdown measures suggests that Bosnia and Herzegovina is unlikely to put COVID-19 pandemic under control in near future.
<p>Human activities have changed ecosystems and today ≈ 60% of the world’s ecosystems are already degraded. These changes have caused growing environmental costs, including biodiversity loss and land degradation, which in turn has resulted in many economic, social and cultural losses. Protected areas (PAs) are the key tool in biodiversity conservation, moreover they may help to maintain water supplies and food security, strengthen climate resilience and improve human health and well-being. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defined PA as „a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services (ES) and cultural values”. Such areas represent Earth systems in which influence of human interactions with preserved ecosystems are readily evident. The coverage of PA is a widely used indicator of sustainable development, because the loss of biodiversity is recognized as one of the most serious global environmental threats. The “Big Five” threats to global biodiversity are fragmentation, habitat loss, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and the spread of invasive alien species. New interventions for governing nature are captured by the umbrella of nature-based solutions (NBS) in the European Union (EU) policy context. NBS can offer accessible, sustainable, and feasible benefits via a range of areas affecting public health and social well-being. According to IUCN NBS are defined as “actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”. NBS address these societal challenges over the delivery of ES. The main objective of this study is to use the effect of NBS to enhance the sustainability of management of the PAs that would have environmental, social and economic benefits. The methodology includes determination of heavy metals in soils and needles of Picea alba, and quantification and qualification of PAs benefits based on Protected Areas Benefits Assessment Tool + (PA-BAT+) in six sites: Zlatibor, Golija, Tara, Đerdap, Stara planina, and Fruška gora. Zlatibor, Golija, and Stara planina are protected as a Nature Park – protected areas of international, national, i.e., exceptional importance Category I (first) in accordance with the Law on Nature Protection ("Off. Gazette of RS", No. 36/2009, 88/2010 , 91/2010 and 14/2016). By the decision of the UNESCO commission within the MAB program in 2001, Golija was declared as Biosphere Reserve ”Golija - Studenica”. Tara, Đerdap, and Fruška gora are protected as National Parks – protected area of international, national, i.e., exceptional importance Category I (first) in accordance with the Law on National Parks ("Off. Gazette of RS", No. 39/1993, 44/1993-correction, 53/1993, 67/1993, 48/1994, 101/2005 and 36/2009). According to categorization of the IUCN Zlatibor, Golija, and Stara planina are classified in Category V, while Tara, Đerdap, and Fruška gora are classified in Category II. Based on heavy metals content in soils and needles, different interventions in managed ecosystems are proposed.</p>
<p>The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander successfully delivered a geophysical instrument package to the Martian surface on November 26, 2018, including a broadband seismometer called SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure). After two years of recording, seismic body waves phases of a small number of high-quality marsquakes have been clearly identified. In this work, we will present how we estimate the body waves arrival times, and how we handle them to constrain the locations of the marsquakes and the interior structure. The inverse problem relies on a Bayesian approach, to investigate a large range of possible locations and interior models. Due to the small number of data, the advantage of using such a method is to provide a quantitative measure of the uncertainties and the non-uniqueness. In order to take into account the strong variations of the crustal thickness due to the crustal dichotomy, and thus consider the seismic lateral variations, which could cause significant misinterpretations, arrival times corrections are added using crustal thickness maps obtained from gravity and topography data.</p><p> </p>
<p>Since early February 2019, the SEIS seismometer deployed at the surface of Mars in the framework of the NASA-InSight mission has been continuously recording the ground motion at Elysium Planitia. In this work, we take advantage of this exceptional dataset to put constraints on the crustal properties of Mars using seismic interferometry (SI). This method use the seismic waves, either from background vibrations of the planet or from quakes, that are scattered in the medium in order to recover the ground response between two seismic sensors. Applying the principles of SI to the single-station configuration of SEIS, we compute, for each Sol (martian day) and each local hour, all the components of the time-domain autocorrelation tensor of random ambient vibrations in various frequency bands. A similar computation is performed on the diffuse waveforms generated by more than a hundred Marsquakes. For imaging application a careful signal-to-noise ratio analysis and an inter-comparison between the two datasets are applied. These analyses suggest that the reconstructed ground responses are most reliable in a relatively narrow frequency band around 2.4Hz, where an amplification of both ambient vibrations and seismic events is observed. The average Auto-Correlation Functions (ACFs) from both ambient vibrations and seismic events contain well identifiable seismic arrivals, that are very consistent between the two datasets. We interpret the vertical and horizontal ACFs as the ground reflection response below InSight for the compressional waves and the shear waves respectively. We propose a simple stratified velocity model of the crust, which is most compatible with the arrival times of the detected phases, as well as with previous seismological studies of the SEIS record. The hourly computation of the ACFs over one martian year also allows us to study the diurnal and seasonal variations of the reconstructed ground response with a technique call Passive Image Interferometry (PII). In this study we present measurements of the relative stretching coefficient between consecutive ACF waveforms and discuss the potential origins of the observed temporal variations.</p>
<p>Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) is known as a major air pollutant harmful to human health. Furthermore, it is a precursor gas of sulfate aerosol, which exerts a direct negative radiative forcing and thus leads to climate cooling. Anthropogenic SO<sub>2</sub> sources are primarily associated with the combustion of sulfur-rich fossil fuels. While the operation of flue gas desulfurization devices has led to large SO<sub>2</sub> reductions in western Europe, a hotspot of anthropogenic SO<sub>2</sub> sources remains in the Balkan region as recently observed from space by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite. Large coal-fired power plants with no or only incomplete SO<sub>2</sub> removal cause these high emissions.</p><p>Targeting these strong emitters, the DLR Falcon 20 aircraft was equipped with an isotopically on-line calibrated Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (CI-ITMS) to obtain detailed in situ SO<sub>2</sub> observations during the METHANE-To-Go-Europe aircraft campaign in autumn 2020. These SO<sub>2</sub> measurements were complemented by in situ observations of greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>), aerosol number concentrations, and other short-lived pollutants (CO, NO, NO<sub>y</sub>). Two flights, on November 2<sup>nd</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> 2020, focused on characterizing the pollution plumes downwind of two coal-fired power plants located in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Tuzla) and Serbia (Nikola Tesla), respectively. These power plants belong to the ten strongest SO<sub>2</sub> emitters in Europe, and according to the World Health Organization, both countries are among the most polluted ones in Europe.</p><p>We present a detailed analysis of the two DLR Falcon flights with strongly enhanced SO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios (exceeding 50 ppb), which were observed at low flight altitude (<1 km). Respective flight patterns were designed to allow for the evaluation of the TROPOMI vertical SO<sub>2</sub> column densities, and both flights were performed during cloud-free conditions. The airborne measurements and satellite data will also be complemented by hourly ground-based SO<sub>2</sub> measurements near both power plants. In addition, measurements are combined with state-of-the art model simulations from (i) the regional atmospheric chemistry climate model MECO(n); (ii) the atmospheric transport and dispersion model HYSPLIT; and (iii) the chemistry coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model WRF-Chem to improve the emission quantification of these power plants.</p>
<p>Since InSight (the Interior Exploration using Geodesy and Heat Transport) landed 26 months ago and deployed an ultra sensitive broadband seismometer(SEIS) on the surface of Mars, around 500 seismic events of diverse variety have been detected, making it possible to directly analyze the subsurface properties of Mars for the very first time. One of the primary goals of the mission is to retrieve the crustal structure below the landing site. Current estimates differ by more than 100% for the average crustal thickness. Since data from orbital gravity measurementsprovide information on relative variations of crustal thickness but not absolute values, this landing site measurement could serve as a tie point to retrieve global crustal structure models. To do so, we propose using a joint inversion of receiver functions and apparent incidence angles, which contain information on absolute S-wave velocities of the subsurface. Since receiver function inversions suffer from a velocity depth trade-off, we in addition exploit a simple relation which defines apparent S-wave velocity as a function of observed apparent P-wave incidence angles to constrain the parameter space. Finally we use the Neighbourhood Algorithm for the inversion of a suitable joint objective function. The resulting ensemble of models is then used to derive the full uncertainty estimates for each model parameter. Before its application on data from InSight mission, we successfully tested the method on Mars synthetics and terrestrial data from various geological settings using both single and multiple events. Using the same method, we have previously been able to constrain the S-wave velocity and depth for the first inter-crustal layer of Mars between 1.7 to 2.1 km/s and 8 to 11 km, respectively. Here we present the results of applying this technique on our selected data set from the InSight mission. Results show that the data can be explained equally well by models with 2 or 3 crustal layers with constant velocities. Due to the limited data set it is difficult to resolve the ambiguity of this bi-modal solution. We therefore investigate information theoretic statistical tests as a model selection criteria and discuss their relevance and implications in seismological framework.</p><div></div><div></div><div></div>
This research is aimed to determine the differences in the racing performances of elite European and Latin American footballers. The research was conducted on a sample of N = 157 top football players, aged 19 to 35, who played all 90 minutes in the first round of the group stage of the competition at the 2018 World Cup. Respondents were classified into two groups, where group I (N = 103) consisted of football teams from Europe, and group II (N = 54), consisted of teams from Latin America. The obtained data showed that 8 out of 13 variables have the characteristic of heterogeneity with a higher value of variance than the arithmetic mean. The results of the T-test showed that only 4 of 13 variables had statistically significant differences. Footballers from European national teams are on average taller than Latin American footballers by just over 3 cm. European footballers had a 4% greater (p> 0.05) total distance traveled, distance in the first and second half of the game than Latin American footballers.
Izhodišče: Katetrska vstavitev aortne zaklopke (TAVI) je v zadnjih letih postala prevladujoča metoda za zdravljenje degenerativne aortne stenoze pri starejših bolnikih. Prispevek prikazuje prve rezultate zdravljenja s TAVI v mednarodnem kardiovaskularnem centru MC Medicor in jih primerja z najpomembnejšimi mednarodnimi raziskavami zadnjih let. Metode: V retrospektivno raziskavo smo vključili zaporedno serijo bolnikov, pri katerih smo opravili TAVI. Podatke smo pridobili iz lastnega registra perkutanih kardioloških posegov. Rezulati: Med 12. decembrom 2016 in 6. junijem 2020 smo TAVI opravili pri 109 bolnikih s povprečno starostjo 81 let in EuroScore II 3.95. Srednji ultrazvočni gradient na aortni zaklopki je znašal 46 mm Hg, izračunana površina ustja pa 0,8 cm2. Pri vseh bolnikih, razen pri enem, smo uporabili perkutani pristop preko femoralne arterije. Balonsko predilatacijo smo izvedli v 36,7 %, novo zaklopko vsadili v 98,2 % in jo balonsko postdilatirali v 15,6 %. Srednji ultrazvočni gradient po TAVI je znašal 9 mm Hg. Zmerna aortna regurgitacija je bila prisotna v 3,7 % (95 % IZ 1,0–9,1 %), huda pa pri nobenem od bolnikov. Nov srčni spodbujevalec je potrebovalo 22,9 % bolnikov (95 % IZ 15,4–32,0 %). En bolnik je imel tranzitorno ishemično kap. Urgentno perikardiocentezo smo opravili v 2,7 % (95 % IZ 0,6–7,8 %), srčno operacijo v 1,8 % (95 % IZ 0,2–6,5 %), žilno operacijo v 0,9 % (95 % IZ 0,0–5,0 %) in hemostazo s prekritimi žilnimi opornicami v 1,8 % (95 % IZ 0,2–6,5 %). Bolnišnična in 30-dnevna umrljivost sta bili 1,8 % (95 % IZ 0,2–6,5 %), enoletna 3,1 % (95 % IZ 0,0–6,5 %), dvoletna 5,6 % (95 % IZ 0,0–11,4 %) in triletna 14,2 % (95 % IZ 0,0–29,6 %). Zaključek: Začetni rezultati TAVI v Medicorju so ugodni in primerljivi z najpomembnejšimi mednarodnimimi raziskavami zadnjih let.
Agriculture is a major source of sediment and particulate phosphorus (P) inputs to freshwaters. Distinguishing between P fractions in sediment can aid in understanding its eutrophication risk. Although streams and rivers are important parts of the P cycle in agricultural catchments, streambed sediment and especially fluvial suspended sediment (FSS) and its P fractions are less studied. To address this knowledge gap, seasonal variations in FSS P fractions and their relation to water quality and streambed sediment were examined in three Swedish agricultural headwater catchments over 2 yr. Sequential fractionation was used to characterize P fractions in both streambed sediment and FSS. All catchments had similar annual P losses (0.4-0.8 kg ha-1 ), suspended solids (124-183 mg L-1 ), and FSS total P concentrations (1.15-1.19 mg g-1 ). However, distribution of P fractions and the dominant P fractions in FSS differed among catchments (p < .05), which was most likely dependent on differences in catchment geology, clay content, external P sources, and flow conditions. The most prominent seasonal pattern in all catchments was found for iron-bound P, with high concentrations during low summer flows and low concentrations during winter high flows. Streambed sediment P fractions were in the same concentration ranges as in FSS, and the distribution of the fractions differed between catchments. This study highlights the need to quantify P fractions, not just total P in FSS, to obtain a more complete understanding of the eutrophication risk posed by agricultural sediment losses.
This article proposes a new robust dead‐beat controller for multivariable systems using multirate sampled data. Applying a discrete‐time higher order sliding mode control approach, the proposed dead‐beat controller design uses the state‐space nominal model (model without disturbances) of the system and its controllability indices to compute the state feedback matrix. The obtained control annihilates the system state in a minimal number of sampling periods. For example, a heuristic procedure for selecting a sampling time is considered in order to keep maximal amplitudes of control inputs within the allowable limits. Since the dead‐beat control has poor robustness, a new discrete‐time supertwisting disturbance observer is used to suppressed disturbance effects. Stability analysis of the proposed observer has shown that it is suitable for Lipschitz type of disturbances. The sampling period of the disturbance observer is generally smaller than the control sampling period. Properties of the proposed control system are demonstrated in simulation examples.
Abstract The study has aimed to investigate and determine the anatomical position, shape, size, and histological features of the ductus venosus, and its role as a shunt in the fetal circulatory system in domestic ruminants. The research was conducted on 19 bovine, 11 sheep and 5 goat fetuses, aborted at the late stage of pregnancy or deceased just after delivery. The general anatomy of the ductus venosus was investigated by in-situ dissection of the corrosive cast obtained by injection of 25% solution of Vinylite mass through the umbilical vein. For histological examination, the fetal tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s trichrome, Verhoeff-Van Gieson and Gomoriꞌs silver stain. The results showed that ruminant fetal ductus venosus is a curved, trumpet-shaped vessel, situated in the central part of the liver, above the porta hepatis. Its ventral part is constricted in the form of an isthmus, having a prominent lip-like thickening at the junction with the portal sinus. Histological examination showed the dominant presence of collagen and elastic fibers in its tunica media, with thin bands of smooth muscle fibers oriented in a longitudinal and circular direction indicating ability for vasoconstriction and vasodilatation.
Background: The corona virus is transmitted in three ways: by direct contact with an infected person, by droplets, and by air. Transmission control according to official guidelines can be prevented by keeping a distance, wearing a mask and washing hands. Sharing a space with several members of the immediate or extended family increases the risk of transmission in all three ways. In Traditional Bosnian families two or three generations live in one household. The family doctor is informed with living conditions of the residents and has the opportunity to monitor the rate of secondary transmission from the index case, and then recommend additional preventative and treatment measures. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the first occurrence of the symptoms and to monitor possible intrafamilial transmission of the disease through clinical examinations and microbiological-serological tests. Methods: The study was conducted in a family medicine clinic in the region of northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina from March to December 2020. Patients with symptoms that could indicate the presence of COVID-19 disease were registered. If COVID-19 was proven, the patient became an index case. The other members of the family would be monitored for the secondary transmission via laboratory (PCA SARS-CoV-2 and IgM and IgG antibodies) and clinical parameters. Results: Characteristics of 25 index cases were analyzed. All 25 of them were middle-aged men that worked outside the home. In 25 households, there was a total of 123 members that shared a home with the index patient. Secondary transmission developed in 76 out of 123 family members (61.8%). Only one patient had a severe form of the disease and was hospitalized. 2 patients died. Conclusion: Intrafamiliar transmission of Covid-19 in households of Bosnia and Herzegovina is high. The secondary attack rate of SARS- CoV-2 in households is 61,8%. In the surveyed households, family members use common rooms with an infected patient, and the customs of family gatherings are maintained, without the implementation of protective measures. The family medicine team has the opportunity to apply appropriate preventive action, education and early prehospital treatment as well as adequate selection for the hospital admission.
Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic disease. Research shows the emergence of harmful habits such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in people with psoriasis. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of habits, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in patients with psoriasis, sexual distribution, and the relationship of habits with the severity of the disease. Methods: The prospective study included 129 subjects with psoriasis, of which 67 or 51,94% were women and 62 or 48,06% were men. Results: The frequency of cigarette smoking was 41,09%, alcohol consumption 24,80%. The gender distribution of cigarette smoking was: 35,82% of women and 46,77% of men smoked cigarettes. The gender distribution of alcohol consumption is: women 5,97% and men 45,16%. The severity of psoriasis, that is PASI score and cigarette smoking were statistically significantly related (r=0,63), and PASI score and alcohol consumption were not statistically significantly related (r=0,32). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are present in psoriasis sufferers, cigarette smoking is associated with disease severity, and alcohol consumption is not. It takes knowledge of the habits of people with psoriasis and a multidisciplinary approach to get rid of harmful habits.
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