Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on human health is less known. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to HVO exhaust for 3 h in a chamber with a double-blind, randomized setup. Exposure scenarios comprised of HVO exhaust from two modern non-road vehicles with 1) no aftertreatment system (‘HVOPM+NOx’ PM1: 93 µg m−3, EC: 54 µg m−3, NO: 3.4 ppm, NO2: 0.6 ppm), 2) an aftertreatment system containing a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter (‘HVONOx’ PM1: ~ 1 µg m−3, NO: 2.0 ppm, NO2: 0.7 ppm) and 3) filtered air (FA) as control. The exposure concentrations were in line with current EU occupational exposure limits (OELs) of NO, NO2, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the future OEL (2023) of elemental carbon (EC). The effect on nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed. Calculated predicted lung deposition of HVO exhaust particles was compared to data from an earlier diesel exhaust study. The average total respiratory tract deposition of PM1 during HVOPM+NOx was 27 µg h−1. The estimated deposition fraction of HVO PM1 was 40–50% higher compared to diesel exhaust PM1 from an older vehicle (earlier study), due to smaller particle sizes of the HVOPM+NOx exhaust. Compared to FA, exposure to HVOPM+NOx and HVONOx caused higher incidence of self-reported symptoms (78%, 63%, respectively, vs. 28% for FA, p < 0.03). Especially, exposure to HVOPM+NOx showed 40–50% higher eye and throat irritation symptoms. Compared to FA, a decrement in nasal patency was found for the HVONOx exposures (− 18.1, 95% CI: − 27.3 to − 8.8 L min−1, p < 0.001), and for the HVOPM+NOx (− 7.4 (− 15.6 to 0.8) L min−1, p = 0.08). Overall, no clinically significant change was indicated in the pulmonary function tests (spirometry, peak expiratory flow, forced oscillation technique). Short-term exposure to HVO exhaust concentrations corresponding to EU OELs for one workday did not cause adverse pulmonary function changes in healthy subjects. However, an increase in self-rated mild irritation symptoms, and mild decrease in nasal patency after both HVO exposures, may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles, with and without aftertreatment systems.

Purpose Apocrine carcinoma of the breast (APO) expresses HER2 in 30–50% of cases. This study explored the clinicopathological features and outcome of HER2+/APO and matched HER2+/NST cohort. Methods We used the SEER database to explore the cohorts. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the survival. Based on ER and PR [steroid receptors/SR/] and HER2 status, we divided the cohorts to match the intrinsic molecular subtypes for comparisons. Results We retrieved 259 cases of HER2+/APO. Most HER2+/APO were SR negative (65%). HER2+/APO were more prevalent in the 80+ age group (24.7% vs. 15.7%, p  < 0.001). HER2+/SR−/APO had a significantly lower histological grade than the HER2+/SR−/NST ( p  < 0.001). Breast cancer-related deaths were more prevalent in HER2+/NST (7.8% vs. 3.9%, p  = 0.019). This was particularly evident between SR− subgroups (10.4% in HER2+/SR−/NST vs. 4.2% in HER2+/SR−/APO, p  = 0.008) and was reaffirmed in breast cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis ( p  = 0.03). Other than race and SR status, HER2+/APO subgroups did not differ in clinicopathological parameters. Conclusions Our study confirms the rarity of the APO and reveals that SR status in APO does not affect these patients' prognosis. HER2+/APO tumors tend to have a less aggressive phenotype and a more favorable outcome despite a markedly lower ER/PR positivity.

The aim of this research is to identify the motivational structure of recreational exercisers and to investigate differences in motivation with respect to gender, ie to determine the hierarchy of motives for which they choose recreational exercise. This research shows that the strongest motivation for recreational exercise is maintaining and improving health, and certainly relaxation. After them, the most important motivation is socializing and meeting new people, and improving and maintaining physical ability. The research also showed that there are very small differences in the motives for exercise in relation to the age of the respondents, and they are reflected in good looks and fun, while relaxation and relaxation and improvement and maintenance of physical ability are equally important for all ages.

Insufficient physical activity is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2012), people who are insufficiently physically active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those who engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each day. Previous research has confirmed that regular physical activity and well-organized leisure time improves human health and affects the prevention of a number of diseases. The purpose of this paper was to show the habits and attitudes towards the contents of sports recreation through a survey conducted on a sample of students from the University “Džemal Bijedić” in Mostar. 331 students participated in the survey. Of the total number of respondents, 81% are active as athletes and recreational athletes. It is important to emphasize that out of the total number of respondents, 27.8% decide for activities in gyms and exercises on devices.

The research was conducted on a sample of 266 respondents of preschool age, aged 4-6 years of both sexes in Preschool Institution “Zvjezdica” Banja Luka. Out of the total number of respondents, the male population consisted of 137 respondents, while female population consisted of 129 respondents. Disorders of the knee joint, X - legs, O - legs and hyperextension of the legs were used to assess the presence of lower extremity deformities. The main goal of the research was to determine the actual state of frequency and structure of lower extremity deformities in preschool subjects in relation to gender and age. The frequencies and structure of deformities of the lower extremities are shown in tabular relation to the sex and age of the subjects. The results of the research indicate a slightly higher frequency of lower extremity deformities in boys compared to girls, and the highest frequency of presence was found in subjects of both sexes aged 4 years, and slightly lower in subjects aged 5 years. It is surprising that the presence of deformities was not determined in subjects of both sexes aged 6 years. However, these results also oblige us to be careful and constantly and continuously monitor the postural status of children in order to timely identify physical disorders and take adequate activities in preventive and corrective work. The obtained results should initiate activities in order to timely diagnose, control and undertake effective programs of corrective exercise in preschool children.

This research was conducted in order to determine whether and what to extent the three-month fitness program affect changjes in body composition on a sample of 42 exercisers, recreational athletes, ages between 21 and 35. The measurement was performed using a Tanita scale, model BC-543, and the following variables were applied: body weight, muscle mass and percentage of fat. After the initial measurement, a three-month fitness exercise program was applied, and then the final measurement in order to determine the achieved effects of training. Trainings were performed three times a week and were adjusted to each recreational athlete in proportion to the age and current state of training. In the process of statistical data processing, descriptive and comparative statistics procedures were used. The basic statistical parameters for each subject were calculated individually and it was determined that there are statistically significant differences between the initial and final measurements.

U radu se razmatra pitanje zastupljenosti i primjene pojedinih oblika nastavnog rada u pripremanju studenata za realizaciju nastave islamske vjeronauke. Oblici nastavnog rada predstavljaju osnovnu didaktičko-metodičku determinantu organizacije nastavnog časa islamske vjeronauke. Istraživanje je longitudinalnog karaktera. Istraživanje je trajalo 5 godina za vrijeme realizacije pedagoške i metodičke prakse studenata u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi. U radu je korištena je analitičko-deskriptivna metoda i metoda analize sadržaja, kao i protokol za snimanje i opservaciju nastavnog časa islamske vjeronauke. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se pored dominantnog izbora frontalnog oblika nastavnog rada u nastavi islamske vjeronauke, studenti koriste i grupnim oblikom nastavnog rada u pripremanju didaktičko-metodičke organizacije nastave islamske vjeronauke. Za unapređenje kvalitete nastave islamske vjeronauke, neophodno je obezbijediti kontinuiranu podršku kroz razvijanje pedagoških i didaktičko-metodičkih kompetencija kod vjeroučitelja, a kod studenata islamske vjeronauke više podsticati interaktivne i kreativne metode učenja tokom visokoškolskog obrazovanja.

O osobinama ličnosti češće se govori kada je potrebno odlučiti o profesionalnoj budućnosti radnika, odrediti da li zaslužuje napredovanje ili ne, da li je vrijedan ulaganja na temelju kapaciteta kojima raspolaže i slično. U praksi, kao i u stručnoj literaturi, nalazimo vidljivo manji broj ispitivanja ličnosti lidera, odnosno rukovodilaca ili vođa neke organizacije ili grupe. Iako se naglašavaju kompetencije koje dobar vođa treba imati, obično su te kompetencije vidljive tek nakon što neko zauzme poziciju vođe. U ovom radu polazimo od problema detekcije osobina ličnosti koje ima dobar vođa, bilo da je riječ o političkom lideru, kapitenu sportskog tima, rukovodiocu radne organizacije ili predstavniku neke neformalne grupe. Prikazom i analizom pregleda radova o osobinama vođe, ispituje se koje osobine ličnosti ukazuju da će pojedinac biti dobar vođa, ili da će – unatoč svim drugim kompetencijama, znanjima i vještinama – biti vođen od strane drugih.

Istraživanje na temu „Socijalno-ekonomski uzroci i posljedice odlaska mladih iz Bosne i Hercegovine“ je imalo za cilj locirati, analizirati i utvrditi razloge, motive i povode za napuštanjem svoje domovine i odlaskom u druge destinacije na planeti Zemlji, s težištem na socijalno-ekonomske posljedice tih odlazaka. Autori u radu težišno analiziraju i interpretiraju teorijske i empirijske spoznaje o posljedicama koje uzrokuju odlasci mladih iz Bosne i Hercegovine.Polazeći od multidimenzionalnosti problema odlaska mladih iz Bosne i Hercegovine koji iziskuje identifikaciju faktora na individualnom, porodičnom i društvenom nivou i koji doprinose ovoj pojavi, istraživanje je fokusirano na individualne, endogene i institucionalne faktore koji uzrokuju odlazak mladih iz Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i na socijalnoekonomske posljedice koje odlazak mladih nosi sa sobom.U procesu istraživanja korištene su sljedeće metode i tehnike: analiza sadržaja, upitnik, intervju, studija slučaja, anketa i statistička metoda. Za uzorak je korišten stratifikovani uzorak vodeći računa o proporcionalnoj i teritorijalnoj zastupljenosti mladih. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 600 mladih osoba koje su u periodu istraživanja imale od 18 do 29 godina.Istraživanje provedeno u Bosni i Hercegovini u periodu 2019. godine i 2020. godine, pokazalo je da postoji više razloga, faktora i uzroka zašto mladi odlaze iz BiH te da su mladi ljudi, dobi od 18 do 29 godina, zastupljeni sa 69% od ukupnog broja onih koji odlaze, dok 31% pripadaju ostalim starosnim skupinama. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata založili smo se za implikaciju sagledavanja negativnih utjecaja socijalnih faktora na socijalno-ekonomske uzroke odlaska mladih iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Major changes in the technological, economic, and social behavior of Middle Pleistocene hominins occurred at the onset of the Middle Paleolithic, 400-200 ka. However, until recently it was not possible to establish when, where, and how certain forms of Middle Paleolithic behavior appeared and spread into Southeastern Europe, mainly owing to gaps in the Paleolithic record. Here we report new results of dating, material culture, and the archaeological context of finds from the Balanica Cave Complex in Sićevo (Serbia). Two methods-thermoluminescence and electron spin resonance-were used to date the sequence. The geoarchaeological context was examined through sedimentology, micromorphology, and spatial analysis. Microfaunal remains were used to constrain the dates within an ecological zone, whereas macrofauna was analyzed for taxonomy and taphonomy to examine the source of accumulation and hominin behavior. Technological and typological features of the lithic assemblage were used to characterize lithic production at the site. Materials recovered from Layer 3 in Velika Balanica and from Layer 2 in Mala Balanica, both dated to MIS 9-7, include a distinctive set of archaeological assemblages which resemble contemporaneous Yabrudian assemblages from the Levant in important ways, and which are unlike contemporary material from the surrounding regions. In Velika Balanica, the lithic assemblages are associated with a large fireplace containing evidence of human activities similar to those from Qesem Cave (Israel). Dental remains uncovered in the same layer are consistent with Neanderthals. These findings suggest that the end of the Middle Pleistocene (before 300-240 ka) saw population movement and/or cultural transmission between Southwest Asia and the Balkans, which led eventually to a transfer of technology between Middle Eastern and European hominin populations and contributed to the shaping of Neanderthal behaviors throughout the eastern and northern Mediterranean.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a source of fear around the world. We asked whether the measurement of this fear is trustworthy and comparable across countries. In particular, we explored the measurement invariance and cross-cultural replicability of the widely used Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), testing community samples from 48 countries (N = 14,558). The findings indicate that the FCV-19S has a somewhat problematic structure, yet the one-factor solution is replicable across cultural contexts and could be used in studies that compare people who vary on gender and educational level. The validity of the scale is supported by a consistent pattern of positive correlations with perceived stress and general anxiety. However, given the unclear structure of the FCV-19S, we recommend using latent factor scores, instead of raw scores, especially in cross-cultural comparisons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Srebrnolisna lipa (Tilia tomentosa Moench) smatra se važnom vrstom drveća u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena, a također je vrlo cijenjena u hortikulturi. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi postojanje interpopulacijske i intrapopulacijske varijabilnosti svojstava ove vrste u Bosni i Hercegovini i Srbiji. Mjerena su morfološka svojstva listova srebrnolisne lipe iz doline rijeke Sane (dva lokaliteta), kanjona rijeke Neretve (dva lokaliteta), te Nacionalnog parka „Fruška gora” (dva lokaliteta), sa trideset stabala po lokalitetu i 30 listova po stablu. Prosječna vrijednost duljine peteljke za sve populacije iznosi 40,3 mm, duljine plojke 111,0 mm, širine plojke 90,7 mm, udaljenosti prve desne razvijene žile od baze lista 0,3 mm, kut prve desne razvijene žile sa središnjom žilom 47,7°, duljina središnje žile 90,4 mm, odnos duljiina/širina plojke 1,3, odnos širina/duljiina plojke 0,8, ukupna duljina središnje žile sa petiolom 130,7 mm, duljina središnje žile/duljina peteljke 2,5, duljina peteljke/ukupna duljina središnje žile i peteljke 0,3. Najveći broj jedinki imao je dva primarna zupca po 1 cm duljine ruba lista. Analiza varijance za svojstva lista pokazala je da postoje statistički značajne razlike za sva svojstva lista po populacijama, dok je Dankanov test pokazao razdvajanje svih populacija u odvojene skupine za većinu svojstava. S obzirom na značaj srebrnolisne lipe kao vrste prilagodljive na klimatske promjene, kao i medonosne i vrste cijenjene u hortikulturi, potrebno je proširiti istraživanja na veći broj populacija, te provesti istraživanja na molekularnoj razini.

The research deals with the market assessment of pear varieties in Serbia. Market assessment represents the willingness of customers to consume a certain fruit or a certain variety. This research applies a market assessment of pear varieties based on expert decision making. Together with the experts, the criteria and varieties of pears used in the research are determined. Ten criteria and six varieties of pears that are mostly grown in Serbia are used. Experts evaluated pear varieties based on linguistic values according to selected criteria. Based on these values, and using fuzzy logic, the weights of the criteria are first determined using the fuzzy CRITIC method (criteria importance through intercriteria correlation), and pear varieties are ranked using the fuzzy CRADIS method (compromise ranking of alternatives from distance to ideal solution). The obtained results show that the highest rated varieties are Konferans and Viljamovka, while the lowest rated variety is Šampionka. Sensitivity analysis confirms these results. The obtained results will help cultivators and fruit vendors to choose those varieties that will achieve the best market results. This study is conducted to provide guidelines for the use of fuzzy methods in marketing assessment in fruit growing.