Knowledge of spontaneous aberrations, namely, of their frequency in non-irradiated cells is of paramount importance not only in cytogenetic research, but also in contemporary animal production. The paper deals with research on spontaneously emerged chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes in the cattle of 'Busa' breed. To obtain metaphase chromosomes the conventional method of lymphocyte cultivation was used, albeit slightly modified and adapted to the examined animals and the laboratory conditions. The research findings indicate that a certain percent of spontaneously emerged chromosomal aberrations of chromatid type (gap and break) have been found in the peripheral blood lymphocytes in the cattle of 'Busa' breed.

Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS) are common. The prevalence of these anomalies shows considerable geographical variation and female predominance. The aim of this work was to obtain the frequency of different CNS congenital anomalies types and their sex distribution among cases hospitalized in a Department of Neurosurgery, University of Sarajevo Clinics Center, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the period January 2001 to December 2004. Retrospective study was carried out on the basis of the clinical records. Standard methods of descriptive statistics were performed for the data analysis. A total of 103 cases were surgically treated in the period from 2001 through 2004. Out of that number 56 (54.4%) were female patients, while 47 (46.6%) were male patients. Seven different CNS birth defect types were found in this investigation. These were: spina bifida (42 cases or 40.78%), congenital hydrocephalus (35 cases or 33.98%), arachnoid cyst (15 cases or 14.56%), Dandy-Walker syndrome (5 cases or 4.85%), dermoid cyst (4 cases or 3.88%), one of Arnold-Chiari syndrome (0.98%) and one of encephalocele (0.98%). According to this investigation, CNS congenital birth defects were slightly higher in females (54.4%). The most frequent types were spina bifida (40.78%) both in females (22.33%) and in males (18.45%), hydrocephalus (33.98%) and arachnoid cyst (14.56%). The anomalies of the other organ systems, associated with CNS anomalies obtained in this investigation, were pes equinovarus, cheiloschisis, cardiomegaly and palatoschisis. They were found in six cases (5.82%), equal in both sexes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis in rats using the iNOS inhibitor L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine (L-NIL). Wistar rats, both sexes (n=18), were equally divided into three groups. Gentamicin group received intraperitoneally (i.p.) gentamicin in 0.9 % NaCl at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days. L-NIL+gentamicin group received L-NIL at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.p. 36, 24 and 12 h before first dose of gentamicin. Control group received 0.9 % NaCl i.p. for five consecutive days at the equal volume as gentamicin group. Griess reaction was used for determination plasma level of NO. Semiquantitative histological analysis was used for the evaluation of kidney damage level. The plasma NO level and the level of kidney damage were statistically higher in gentamicin group in comparison to the control group (p=0.046). Application of L-NIL prior to gentamicin led to certain decrease in the plasma level of NO as well as in the level of kidney damage. Application of L-NIL, prior to gentamicin administration, did not provide complete protective effects of L-NIL on the kidney, which was demonstrated on kidney sections. The lack of anticipated protective effect of L-NIL on kidney tissue might be explained with the fact that we have used L-NIL prior but not during/after gentamicin administration. It would be necessary to examine the effects of L-NIL administration not only before, but as well during and possibly after the administration of gentamicin.

The aim of this study is to evaluate epidemiological status of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Bosnia from 2003 through 2005. Incidence and prevalence rates of BEN, diabetes mellitus (DM) and RRT population and proportion of BEN RRT population in total RRT population were tracked in renal units covering the entire BEN endemic region in Bosnia. BEN incidence and prevalence rates were 52; 34;48 and 262; 265, 292, respectively. DM incidence and prevalence rates were 7; 13; 8 and 20; 28; 33, respectively. Total RRT population incidence and prevalence rates were 89; 82; 79 and 424; 436; 473, respectively. Proportions of incident BEN RRT population in incident total RRT population and proportions of incident BEN RRT population in incident total RRT population when incident diabetics were subtracted from incident total RRT population were 0.58; 0.41; 0.61, and 0.63; 0.49; 0.67; respectively. Proportions of prevalent BEN RRT population in prevalent total RRT population and proportions of prevalent BEN RRT population in prevalent total RRT population when prevalent diabetics were subtracted from prevalent total RRT population were 0.62; 0.61; 0.62, and 0.65; 0.65; 0.66, respectively. Trend of BEN RRT population was stable in Bosnia from 2003 through 2005.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone secreted predominantly from the ventricles. This hormone is produced as pre-prohormone BNP (pro BNP), than cleaved by corine to biologically active 32-aminoacid BNP and non-biologically active N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP). NTproBNP has been found to be a useful marker for the diagnosis of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Recent studies showed that concentration of BNP and NTproBNP predict cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy individuals but their full screening characteristics are not firmly established. As NTproBNP serum concentration is altered by numerous factors there are also interindividual variations in NTproBNP values. There are no previous results for Bosnian population so the aim of this study was to asses normal range of NTproBNP serum concentrations in apparently healthy women using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys, Roche Diagnostic). A group of 45, healthy females, aged 39.19 (+/-6.62), were enrolled in this study. Mean serum concentration of NTproBNP was 60.32 (+/-36.25) pg/ml, with the range of 112,60 pg/ml (minimum-maximum: 13.6-126.00 pg/ml). We conclude that NTproBNP serum concentration in apparently healthy Bosnian women was not different from the average values of NTproBNP obtained on Europen's population. Thus, we suggest that the NTproBNP serum upper cut off values measured by using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay "ECLIA" (Elecsys 2010, Roche Diagnostic) for Bosnian females, aged < or =50 years, should be 155 pg/ml as reported by Roche Diagnostic.

The teleoperation (telerobotic) systems often face two key challenges: the existence of communication delays between the master and slave site as well as the addition of force feedback to improve the user's sense of presence. The first goal of this paper is that the slave manipulator should track the position of the master manipulator and the second goal is that the environmental force acting on the slave, when it contacts a remote environment, be accurately transmitted to the master. For solving both problems we proposed the symmetric impedance matched teleoperation systems with a wave filter in feedback loop. Simulations results using a single-degree of freedom master/slave system are presented showing the performance of the resulting system.