Current state-of-the-art frequency standards are passive optical atomic clocks where the frequency of an optical resonator is stabilized to a narrow atomic transition. Passive clocks have achieved unprecedented stabilities of 6.6 × 10−19 over one hour of averaging time [1]. However, they face intrinsic limitations, particularly due to thermal and mechanical fluctuations of the local oscillator. To surpass the limitations of the passive clocks and go beyond the state-of-the-art, the idea of building active optical atomic clocks emerges. These clocks would be optical counterparts of hydrogen masers, with the emitted frequency defined by the atomic transition and therefore inherently stable against cavity instabilities. This paper discusses the latest developments and future prospects in the field of active optical atomic clocks.

: It is known that in recent years there have been major changes in all branches of industry, especially in the automotive and electro-electronic industry, because new business methods are on the scene, and production processes are being transformed so that they are flexible. In the automotive and electro-electronic industry, the leading technology is robotic technology, the application of which increases the return on investment. Advanced robotics as the basic technology of Industry 4.0 in the new era of production in the automotive and electro-electronic industry plays a very important role because it enables: mobility, readiness, reliability, adaptability, transformation of production, integration with machines, increase of flexibility, improvement of quality, storage and production systems integrated as Cyber-Physical Systems, workers are freed from routine and repetitive tasks. The paper provides an overview of applied and issued patents in robotic technology, the application of robots in the World and China as the leader in the implementation of robotic technology in the world. An analysis of the implementation of industrial robots, as well as advanced robots in the automotive and electro-electronic industries of China, is given, as well as the forecast of the application in the coming years.

Background: There is no specified diagnostic procedure that can help in determining the cause of death and the diagnosis of drowning because the pathohistological signs are almost identical and non-specified. Aim: Our study aims to recognize and prove diatom appearance in organs from a forensic aspect in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to examine which is the more specific method in the diagnosis of drowning, the diatom test or the pathohistological finding. Methods: Rats of the recommended body weight were divided into four groups: G1 (n = 8; mechanism of death—asphyxia; cause of death—suffocation, submerged 1 hour after death); G2 (n = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-suffocation, immersed 72 hours after death); G3 (n = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-drowning, autopsy immediately after death), and G4 (n = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-drowning, post mortem 24 hours after death). Results: During the diatom analysis, four species of diatoms, Diatoma vulgaris, Melosira varians, Epithemia adnata, and Cymbella sp, were successfully recovered from the stomach. Microscopic analysis did not detect diatoms in the kidneys and brains of rats, while the pathohistological changes were relatively uniform. Conclusion: Our results propose that the diatom test is a sustainable tool for supporting the diagnosis of drowning in the forensic pathology analysis of the cause of death. This experimental study is a starting point toward the optimization of tests and sampling in cases of unexplained etiology.

AIM To determine the prevalence of aerobic vaginitis (AV) caused by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive women with pathological Pap test and to determine the most prevalent HPV type associated with E. faecalis infection. METHODS This prospective study was conducted at the Gynaecology Centre "Dr. Mahira Jahić" Tuzla and Primary Health Care Centre Tešanj (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the period between February 2023 and March 2024. The research included 200 women aged 25 to 50 years. The examined group consisted of 100 women with a pathological (examined group) and 100 with a normal (control group) Pap test result. RESULTS Pathological Pap smears were found in 60 (out of 100; 60 %) women in the examined group: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and CIN 2 in two women, respectively, CIN 3 in seven, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 29 and atypical squamous cells-high-grade cannot be excluded (ASC-H) in two women. Overall (both groups) prevalence of E. faecalis was 25.5% (51women); in 45 (22.5%) women E. faecalis was the only bacterial isolate, of which 42 (21%) in the examined group and three (1.5%) in the control group. High-risk HPV types were found in 62 (out of 100; 62%) women with the pathological Pap smear test. The association of E. faecalis and high-risk HPV positive women was found in 35 (35%) cases (moderately positive correlation; r=0.198). CONCLUSION E. faecalis is very common in HPV 16 and 18 positive women and may represent a risk factor in the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions.

AIM To determine whether demographic data, clinical features, and laboratory variables at disease onset can predict the response to methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. METHODS A cohort of 143 newly diagnosed JIA patients initially treated with methotrexate was enrolled in this study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of response to methotrexate. The variables included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), platelets, IgA, IgG, the number of active joints and age at disease onset. Treatment response was assessed at six months, with patients classified as responders (those who achieved clinically inactive disease according to the American College of Rheumatology - ACR criteria) or non-responders. RESULTS Poor response to methotrexate was associated with the number of active joints (p=0.0001; OR=2.7), baseline levels of CRP (p=0.044; OR=1.138), IgA (p=0.004; OR=2.159), and platelet count (p=0.01; OR=1.05). IgG level (P=0.236) did not correlate with the treatment response. CONCLUSION We identified widely available and clinically acceptable biomarkers that can be utilized as predictive indicators of response to methotrexate in JIA patients.

Despite recent advances in endovascular therapy, up to half of acute ischemic stroke patients experience incomplete reperfusion (expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, eTICI<3) after intervention. However, many of these patients will achieve complete delayed reperfusion at the 24h follow‐up, which is linked to good clinical outcome and minimal new infarct development. We aimed to systematically review literature and perform a meta‐analysis on the natural evolution of incomplete reperfusion after endovascular therapy. We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase and PubMed up until March 1, 2024 using a predefined search strategy. Only full‐text English written articles reporting rates of either favorable (i.e. delayed reperfusion) or unfavorable progression (i.e. persistent perfusion deficit) of incompletely reperfused tissue were included. Primary outcome was the rates of delayed reperfusion 24h post‐intervention and its association with functional independence (modified Rankin Scale, mRS 0‐2) at 90 days post‐intervention. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random‐effects model. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and the Luis Furuya‐Kanamori (LFK) index. Six studies involving 950 patients (50.7% female; median age 71, IQR 60 ‐ 79) were included. Four studies assessed the evolution of incomplete reperfusion on MRI perfusion imaging, while two studies used DWI and NCCT imaging, where new infarct was used to denote unfavorable progression. Complete delayed reperfusion, or absence of new infarct, occurred in 41% (inter‐quartile range, IQR 33% ‐ 51%) of cases 24h post‐intervention. Achieving delayed reperfusion was associated with higher likelihood of functional independence at 90 days (OR 2.53, 95%CI 1.88 ‐ 3.42). No evidence of publication bias was found (LFK=0.2). Nearly half of patients with incomplete reperfusion achieve complete delayed reperfusion, leading to favorable clinical outcomes. This subgroup of eTICI<3 patients may derive limited or potentially harmful effects from pursuing additional reperfusion strategies (e.g. intra‐arterial lytics or secondary distal thrombectomy). Accurately predicting the progression of incomplete reperfusion could optimize patient selection for adjunctive reperfusion attempts at the end of an intervention.

Exonormatively oriented EFL speakers are well-disposed towards native varieties, particularly British and American English. Due to the varieties’ overlapping domains of influence, the ques-tion of consistency and preferences for one of the varieties comes into focus. Hence, this study explores Bosnian respondents’ preference for British or American English in pronunciation, orthography, lexis and grammar and their ability to recognise language units as characteristic of one variety or the other. Additionally, the study investigates whether students maintain con-sistency or whether they are inclined to use both varieties interchangeably. The obtained results confirm that Bosnian respondents have a solid knowledge of varietal differences but are highly inconsistent. Still, they prefer the American variety in all domains of language use, to a differing extent though. Keywords: consistency; English in Bosnia and Herzegovina; standardised British English; standardised American English; the System of World Englishes

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(1) Background: This study investigates the effects of curing light intensity, exposure time, and distance on the Vickers microhardness (VMH), hardness bottom-to-top ratio (HR), and temperature rise (TR) of conventional dental resin-based composite (RBC). (2) Materials and Methods: Specimens of one conventional RBC (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent) were cured with 12 different curing protocols (CPs), created with three different light intensities (Quartz Tungsten Halogen 300 mW/cm2, LED 650 mW/cm2, LED 1100 mW/cm2), two exposure times (20 and 40 s), and two distances of curing tip (0 and 8 mm). The VMH of top (VMH-T) and bottom (VMH-B) surfaces was measured. The hardness bottom-to-top ratio (HR) was calculated from VMH-B and VMH-T. The HR below 80% was rated as inadequate polymerization. The TR at the depth of 2 mm within the RBC was measured using a K-type thermocouple. Data were analyzed using Levene’s test and the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. (3) Results: Exposure time and distance significantly influenced VMH-B and HR. Increased distance significantly reduced VMH-B, HR, and TR. CPs 300 mW/cm2/8 mm/20 s and 650 mW/cm2/8 mm/20 s produced inadequate polymerization (HR < 80%). Prolonged exposure time produced higher values of VMH-B and HR. The TR was significantly influenced by light intensity and distance. (4) Conclusions: Suboptimal light intensity (<800 mW/cm2) can produce inadequate polymerization at the lower side of the composite layer when used from a distance. Prolonged irradiation can improve the polymerization to a certain extent. Clinicians are advised to monitor the intensity of the LCUs in order to optimize the photopolymerization process. Caution is required when polymerizing with high-intensity curing light in direct contact with the RBC with longer exposure times than recommended.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is associated with systemic complications, including the development of pulmonary injury, characterized mainly by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue. This process is driven by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, both caused and exacerbated by hyperglycemia. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glycine, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, offer potential therapeutic benefits in mitigating diabetes-induced lung injury. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation by either NAC or glycine or their combination on reducing lung injury in rats with type 1 diabetes Materials and methods: The study used 30 adult Wistar albino rats (10 weeks old, weighing between 180 g and 380 g). Six of them were used as controls, while 24 adult rats (10 weeks old, 180-380 g) with type 1 diabetes, induced through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 55 mg/kg, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: control (CTL), diabetic (Db), NAC treatment (diabetic+NAC), glycine treatment (diabetic+glycine), and combined NAC and glycine treatment (diabetic+NAC+glycine). NAC (100 mg/kg) and glycine (250 mg/kg) were administered orally for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, lung tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Qualitative, semi-quantitative, and stereological histological analysis was used to analyze structural changes in the lung tissue. Semi-quantitative scoring was carried out to evaluate the extent of inflammation, while stereological analysis was performed to determine the volume density of alveolar spaces and septal connective tissue. The semi-quantitative scoring included scores ranging from 0 (absent), 1 (minimal), 2 (mild), 3 (moderate), to 4 (severe). Results: Qualitative histological analysis revealed pronounced inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of untreated diabetic rats, characterized by thickened alveolar septa and immune cell infiltration. Both treatments with NAC and glycine individually reduced inflammation and fibrosis compared to untreated diabetic rats. The greatest improvement was observed in the NAC+glycine group, where the alveolar structure appeared almost normal, with minimal inflammation. Semiquantitative analysis showed statistically significant differences in peribronchial and peribrochiolar infiltrates between the diabetic group (2.16±0.47) and the control group (0.33±0.21, p=0.026). The combination of NAC and glycine significantly reduced peribronchial and peribronchiolar infiltrates (0.33±0.33, p=0.026) compared to the diabetic group. Similarly, septal inflammatory infiltrates were significantly lower in the NAC+glycine group (1±0.36) compared to diabetic rats (3.33±0.33, p=0.004). Total airway inflammatory infiltration was also significantly reduced in the NAC+glycine group (1.33±0.33, p=0.002) compared to the diabetic group (5.5±0.5). Conclusion: As the combination of NAC and glycine demonstrated protective effects against lung inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic rats, a synergistic effect of NAC and glycine in mitigating pulmonary complications associated with type 1 diabetes may be suggested. These findings warrant further exploration of the combination for managing diabetic lung disease and potentially other fibrotic conditions.