Uvod. Tinitus se definise kao percepcija zvuka u usima ili glavi bez prisutnih vanjskih izvora zvuka. Zujanje u uhu i nesposobnost bolesnika da se prilagode ovoj pojavi može da dovede do ispoljavanja emocionalnih tegoba, kao sto su depresija i anksioznost. Cilj ove studije je bio da se procijeni stepen depresivnih tegoba koje prate hronicni tinitus i ispita veza između prisustva tinitusa i simptoma depresije kod pacijenata sa hronicnim subjektivnim tinitusom. Metode. Studijom su obuhvacena 73 bolesnika sa tinitusom i 47 ispitanika bez tinitusa, a obje grupe su uparene po polu i uzrastu. Bolesnici su podvrgnuti otorinolaringoloskom pregledu i popunili su samostalno Tinitus hendikep upitnik i Beck-ov upitnik depresije. Tonalna liminarna audiometrija je urađena kod obje grupe ispitanika. Rezultati. Audioloskim ispitivanjem je otkriveno da 7 (9,6%) bolesnika sa tinitusom nema ostecenje sluha, a vecina (41-56,2%) je imalo nagluvost lakog stepena, dok je među ispitanicima bez tinitusa 28 (59,6%) imalo normalan sluh. Bolesnici su najcesce imali visoke frekvencije tinitusa (63-86,3%), a u odnosu na intenzitet 48 (65,8%) bolesnika je imalo srednje jak tinitus (5-20 dB). Tinitus hendikep upitnikom dobijen je skor koji je klasifikaovao subjektivni doživljaj hendikepa kao zanemarljiv kod 26 (35,6%) bolesnika, blag kod 12 (16,4%), umjeren kod 23 (31,5%), težak kod 7 (9,6%) i veoma težak kod 5 (6,8%) bolesnika. Beck-ovim upitnikom depresije utvrđeno je normalno raspoloženje kod 59 (80,8%) bolesnika, odnosno kod 43 (91,5%) ispitanika bez tinitusa (U=1282.0, Z=-2.35, p<0,05). Između skorova dobijenih koriscenjem ova dva upitnika utvrđen je visok stepen korelacije (ρ=0,436, p<0,001). Zakljucak. Znacajna korelacija između skorova dobijenih Tinitus hendikep upitnikom i Beck-ovim upitnikom depresije ima znacaja u pristupu lijecenju ovih bolesnika. Kako depresija dodatno smanjuje kvalitet života, neophodno je da se adekvatnim tretmanom utice na bržu adaptaciju na tinitus.

Introduction. Orthodontic treatment is a common dental procedure in developed countries. Assessment of orthodontic treatment need is important for health services planning and population trends monitoring. The aim of this study was to assess the need for orthodontic treatment among children in Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. The study involved 81 students of two primary schools in the municipality of Foca, aged 11-13 years. The subjects underwent clinical examinations, the dental impressions were taken, study models were made and analyzed, and digital photographs of anterior dentition were taken too. Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) was used to assess the need for orthodontic treatment. The number of orthodontists, which would be sufficient to meet the needs of this population of children, was estimated. Results. ICON index results showed that 56.8% of children needed orthodontic treatment. There was no statistical significance in the need for orthodontic treatment between the subjects of different gender and age. The study showed that 22.2% of boys and 34.6% of girls needed orthodontic treatment. In relation to age, 21% of eleven- and 21% of twelve-year-olds needed orthodontic treatment and 14.8% of thirteen-year-olds. The incidence of crowding was 80.2%. Crossbite was present in 23.5% of examined students, open bite in 2.5%, deep bite in 29.6% and irregular dental esthetics anterior teeth in 28.4%. Class II/1 malocclusion was found in 39.5% of children, II/2 class in 9.9%, class I in 38.3%, while class III malocclusion was found in 9.9% of examined children. Conclusion. The study shows that a large percentage of children in Foca need orthodontic treatment. Percentage of the need for orthodontic treatment is higher in comparison to most of the countries in Europe and the world. The development of prevention programs and early caries therapy can greatly reduce the need for orthodontic treatment.

Objective: We aimed to explore correlates and predictors of bereavement severity and persistence (triggered by “loss of a loved one”; referent group partner loss) in the Rotterdam cohort. Method: We used linear regression to examine factors associated with grief severity using a cross-sectional analysis and logistic regression to determine prospective associations. Results: Cross-sectionaly, females, child-lost, higher depressive symptoms, lower education, and difficulties in daily activities were independently associated with a higher bereavement severity. Prospectively (6 years; response rate 71%), the baseline value of the grief severity was the single predictor significantly associated with grief persistence. Discussion: Our results suggest that only grief severity is independently associated with grief persistence. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Aims/hypothesisIn this study, we aimed to examine the association between age at natural menopause and risk of type 2 diabetes, and to assess whether this association is independent of potential mediators.MethodsWe included 3639 postmenopausal women from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study. Age at natural menopause was self-reported retrospectively and was treated as a continuous variable and in categories (premature, <40 years; early, 40–44 years; normal, 45–55 years; and late menopause, >55 years [reference]). Type 2 diabetes events were diagnosed on the basis of medical records and glucose measurements from Rotterdam Study visits. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for confounding factors; in another model, they were additionally adjusted for potential mediators, including obesity, C-reactive protein, glucose and insulin, as well as for levels of total oestradiol and androgens.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 9.2 years, we identified 348 individuals with incident type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for confounders, HRs for type 2 diabetes were 3.7 (95% CI 1.8, 7.5), 2.4 (95% CI 1.3, 4.3) and 1.60 (95% CI 1.0, 2.8) for women with premature, early and normal menopause, respectively, relative to those with late menopause (ptrend <0.001). The HR for type 2 diabetes per 1 year older at menopause was 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.98). Further adjustment for BMI, glycaemic traits, metabolic risk factors, C-reactive protein, endogenous sex hormone levels or shared genetic factors did not affect this association.Conclusions/interpretationEarly onset of natural menopause is an independent marker for type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to examine connection between the motor ability strength and the achievement of results in sprinting in order to define strength tests to perform selection in physical education classes, at the age of early puberty. The sample consisted of 88 female subjects aged 12 years (± 6 months). The batery of four tests was used for evaluation of the motor ability strength, prescribed in the curriculum for the subject Physical Education of the Pedagogical Association of Vojvodina: variables of explosive strength standing broad jump (cm), throwing medicine ball from lying position (m), variable of repetitive strength sit-ups (number of successful attempts) and variable of isometric strength bent arm hang (s). For evaluation of the motor ability speed, the standardized test was applied, which represented the criterion variable the result obtained in 60 m run (s). The relationship between the system of predictor variables and the criterion variable is calculated by linear regression analysis, and the results showed that, on the basis of the results of the predictor variables system, the level of sprinting speed can be statistically significantly predicted. By observing the individual variables, it can be seen that the variables standing broad jump (p=0.00) and sit-ups (p=0.00) achieve statistically significant prediction of 60 m run speed. By analyzing the results of regression analysis, it can be assumed that the result of the 60 m run in selected subjects can be predicted based on manifestation of explosive leg strength and repetitive strength of torso.

The aim of the study was to determine and verify the effectiveness of various teaching approaches on changes in the level of volleyball performance in the process of teaching volleyball to pupils in primary schools. In the experimental group was used the tactical approach and in the control group the techniques (traditional) approach in teaching of volleyball. The experimental group consisted of 26 pupils and the control group consisted same number of pupils. Both groups, representing 13 to 14 year old schoolgirls in primary school. Efficiency of the teaching approaches was evaluated based of game performance. Game performance was evaluated by the method of game performance assessment based on GPAI (Game Performance Assessment Instrument) through video record. To perform statistical evaluation Mann-Whitney U-test was used. When we evaluate the tactical component of game performance “position”, we found out that the difference between groups is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). By comparison “decision-making” it was discovered that the difference, between achieved performances in groups it is statistically significant (p < 0.05) in favour of the experimental group. By comparison skills execution we found out, that the difference between both groups in “serving” is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). But by comparison of passing, setting, offensive hit and team’s game performance” we found out statistically significant (p < 0.05) the difference between both groups in favour of the experimental group. The acquired data pointed to the fact that in generally the tactical teaching approach appears to be a more efficient method for acquiring game skills and tactical components of the game.