Background: Lyme Borreliosis is a multisystem zoonosis caused by the spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi and is widespread throughout the world. Borrelia is called the greatest imitator, because it can imitate any disease. The frequent presence of Borrelia in some neurological, dermatological, ophthalmological, cardiology and other patients points to a dilemma: is Borrelia burgdorferii really an imitator or is it the main actor of these diseases. Objective: The aim of this paper is to answer the question: is Borrelia burgdorferi the initiator and main cause of most diseases that are etiologically unexplained. Methods: The paper presents unusual clinical pictures of chronic borreliosis in 10 patients, who recovered on antibiotic therapy, and which are the most striking examples from a group of similarly ill patients. Case study presentation: A total of 10 interesting cases of borreliosis patients were presented. These are the cases: Scleroderma in a 29-year-old patient, generalized lymphadenitis with extreme leukocytosis in a 52-year-old woman, paraparesis in a 24-year-old professional soldier after mild serous meningitis, ALS in a 14-year-old schoolgirl, a case of bilateral migrating optic neuritis in a 13-year-old schoolgirl, retinal ablation in a 32-year-old patient, secondary sterility due to cystic ovaries in a 32-year-old shopkeeper with chronic urticaria, MS in a 20-year-old student, nightmares and moonwalking in a 7.5-year-old pupil complicated with left-sided bartonellosis lymphadenitis of the neck, recurrent syncope with attacks of tachypnea in a 19-year-old patient. All of these patients had normal routine findings, except for the patient with leukocytosis. Infectious disease diagnosis in all patients was made clinically, based on anamnestic data, clinical picture and verified white and/or pink borreliosis striae, and serological confirmation of the presence of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi using ELISA, WB and Immunoblot techniques. Conclusion: Based on the presented cases and 12 years of continuous experience with patients with Lyme disease, we conclude that Borrelia burgdorferi is in most cases the cause of the disease of “unknown cause” in neurology, dermatovenerology, ophthalmology, gynecology, internal medicine. The diagnosis of Borrelia is made primarily clinically (extensive anamnesis by organs + finding of new clinical markers on the skin). Serological confirmation of the presence of Borrelia in the body can be done in a small number of cases using the ELISA + WB technique, because these antibodies last for a short time. In older children and adults, it is necessary to use the advanced Immunoblot technique that searches for antibodies to B.B. protein sequences. and additionally search for Borrelia by light microscopy in a native serum preparation.

Introduction: Syncope is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical attention in the pediatric population. The underlying etiology ranges from benign causes to potentially life-threatening conditions. Objective: This cross-sectional retrospective study aimed to cardiologically evaluate children presenting with syncope and identify potential predictive parameters for cardiogenic syncope, the most dangerous type of syncope. Patients and Methods: Data from 100 children aged 6 to 18 years who presented with syncope were retrospectively collected from medical records at the Pediatric Clinic of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the predictive significance of the studied parameters. Results: Of the 100 children with documented syncope, 71.0% were girls, with the peak incidence of syncope episodes occurring at age 15. There were no statistically significant differences in height, weight, or BMI between boys and girls. The most common cardiac diagnosis was sinus arrhythmia, while headache was the most frequent non-cardiac symptom. Seventy-three percent of patients experienced more than one syncope episode, with the highest percentage occurring at school. Prodromal symptoms were present in 87% of cases, whereas palpitations and chest pain prior to syncope were reported in 10% and 12% of cases, respectively. Among the 49 patients with abnormal ECG findings, 29% had sinus arrhythmia and 25% had incomplete right bundle branch block. The most common echocardiographic finding was mild pulmonary valve regurgitation, which is considered a physiological variant. Of all studied parameters, only EEG demonstrated significant predictive value for cardiogenic syncope (p = 0.035, EXP(B) = 2.99). Conclusion: EEG findings have predictive significance for cardiogenic syncope in children. A borderline EEG increases the odds of cardiogenic syncope by approximately threefold.

Background: Suicide is a major public health issue and a leading cause of premature mortality worldwide. Assessing suicide risk remains challenging due to multifactorial risks. Objective. The aim of the study was to present ten-year trends in suicides in the Zenica-Doboj Canton and to describe the methods of suicide by gender, age, and year of occurrence, with the goal of better understanding this complex and deviant form of behavior. Methods: In the article has been included a retrospective analysis of suicide data collected from the suicide reporting form in the Zenica-Doboj Canton, obtained from the Institute for Health and Food Safety Zenica for the period 2015–2024. Results: Resuzlts are based on 147 processed cases of suicide over a ten-year period. The distribution of suicides by age group was: under 1 year: 0 (0%), 1–4: 0 (0%), 5–9: 0 (0%), 10–14: 0 (0%), 15–19: 4 (3%), 20–29: 16 (11%), 30–39: 13 (9%), 40–49: 20 (15%), 50–59: 26 (18%), 60–64: 27 (19%), 65–69: 9 (6%), 70–79: 20 (14%), 80+: 12 (8%). The average number of suicides per age group was x̄ = 11.3. Yearly suicide cases: 2015: 19 (12.9%), 2016: 19 (12.9%), 2017: 22 (14.9%), 2018: 29 (19.7%), 2019: 29 (19.7%), 2020: 8 (5.4%), 2021: 1 (0.68%), 2023: 0 (0%), 2024: 0 (0%). The average number of suicides per year was x̄ = 14.7. The gender distribution was 73% male and 27% female, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.7:1. The most common method was intentional self-harm by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation; 93 (63.2%). Conclusion. Understanding suicide trends, mechanisms, and methods in the Zenica-Doboj Canton can help in the development of early-prevention programs and prevention strategies, as well as in better understanding the contributing factors and suicidal individuals’ attitudes that lead to such fatal decisions.

This paper presents a mathematical model for the calculation of transient current distribution in grounding systems, based on antenna theory. The modeling of grounding electrodes relies on a system of coupled integro-differential equations of the Pocklington type, applied to complex wire structures buried in a semi-space with finite conductivity. The Pocklington equation is derived directly from Maxwell’s equations, and the paper thoroughly describes the entire procedure, including the influence of the boundary between two media using Fresnel reflection coefficients. The system of equations is solved using the indirect boundary element method, resulting in the determination of current distribution along grounding structures of various geometries, which represents a fundamental parameter for analyzing the transient response of grounding systems.

(BHS) Ovaj rad se fokusira na upotrebu mašinskog učenja i korištenje namjenskih baza podataka vještačke inteligencije u svrhu kreiranja rješenja zasnovanih na unaprijeđenom algoritmu za preventivno upravljanje rizicima i predikciju rizika u realnom vremenu. U radu se analiziraju postojeći standardi, njihovi nedostaci i moguća rješenja za unapređenje, kao i struktura i algoritamska osnova ovih sistema, te njihova integracija u postojeće sigurnosne arhitekture i platforme. Obuhvaćena je detekcija prijetnji na osnovu anomalija i analiza ustaljenog korisničkog ponašanja prema zadanim obrascima, procjena rizika i proaktivna detekcija napada. Pravovremena identifikacija i upravljanje rizicima postaju ključni faktori održivosti kompanija i sigurnosti poslovnih i informacionih sistema. Prediktivna analitika, zasnovana na vještačkoj inteligenciji, mašinskom učenju i analizi velikih skupova podataka, donosi transformacijske mogućnosti u oblastima poput industrije, finansija i zdravstva, koje su u savremenoj eri povezane sajber sigurnošću i predikcijom rizika, a koje pomažu donosiocima odluka da efikasnije upravljaju sistemima i zaštite ih. Integrativni pristup usklađivanju ovih tehnologija, posebno u kontekstu organizacione strukture i pravnog okvira, obuhvata pitanja pouzdanosti i transparentnosti modela, odgovornosti za automatizovane odluke, zaštite privatnosti i usklađenosti sa zakonodavstvom. Cilj rada je pružiti sveobuhvatan pregled tehnoloških i metodoloških inovacija u prediktivnoj zaštiti od sajber rizika, te identifikovati pravce budućeg razvoja sa posebnim fokusom na sigurnost, etiku i pouzdanost AI sistema. (ENG) This paper focuses on the use of machine learning and the use of dedicated AI databases to create solutions based on an improved algorithm for preventive risk management, and real-time risk prediction. The paper analyses the existing standard, its shortcomings and solutions for improvement, and the structure and algorithmic basis of these systems, as well as their integration into existing security architectures and platforms. The work includes the detection of threats based on anomalies and the analysis of established user behavior according to given patterns, risk assessment and proactive detection of attacks. Timely identification and management of risks are becoming key factors in corporate sustainability and security of business and information systems. Predictive analytics, based on artificial intelligence, machine learning and big data analytics, bring transformational opportunities in areas such as industry, finance, healthcare, which in the modern era are connected by cybersecurity and risk prediction that help decision makers to manage systems more efficiently and protect them. An integrative approach to harmonizing these technologies, especially considering the organizational structure and legal framework, includes issues of reliability and transparency of models, as well as accountability for automated decisions, privacy protection and compliance with legislation. The aim of the paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of technological and methodological innovations in predictive protection against cyber risks, and to identify directions for future development with a special focus on the security, ethics and reliability of AI systems.

Background: Legal certainty is a guiding principle in all European countries. One of the main tools for achieving legal certainty in Europe is the codification of law. In 2023, Saudi Arabia adopted its first codification of contractual and non-contractual obligations through the Civil Transactions Law (CTL), aiming to achieve greater legal certainty. This shift represents a major shift from a predominantly Shariah-based jurisdiction towards civil law. This research examines whether the enactment of the CTL has influenced the Saudi Commercial Court's interpretation of compensation claims. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted to track citation trends over time and to examine case law documents to confirm the quantitative results. Qualitative empirical analysis, specifically document analysis, was utilised to identify and extract Shariah jurists’ opinions, providing depth to the statistical results. Quantitative empirical methods, including interrupted time series (ITS), were applied to assess whether the compensation provisions in the CTL led to significant shifts in compensation claims decisions. Overall, 2,913 cases decided before the enactment of the CTL and 61 decided under the CTL were analysed in this study. Results and conclusions: The pre-law analysis indicates that courts cited Shariah jurists or general legal principles to establish the liability for compensation. In contrast, post-law analysis suggests a discernible shift, with courts increasingly citing civil law provisions directly, notably Articles 120 and 720 of the CTL. This shift is supported by an increase in overall article citations within compensation judgments, rising from 36% to 62%, supported by the examination of cases decided based on these articles. These findings indicate that the enactment of the Civil Transactions Law has contributed to enhancing the legal certainty in Saudi commercial courts.

Eryngium amethystinum L is a plant which grows in Balkan and Apennine peninsulas. The aerial parts, roots and fruits are used in ethnopharmacology of Italy and Western Balkan countries. Traditional preparations of E amethystinum were used in treatment of oedema, malaria and gastrointestinal diseases. Essential oils and extracts were isolated from aerial parts and roots of E amethystinum and examined by antimicrobial, antioxidative and cytotoxic assays. Gas-chromatography analysis showed predominance of germacrene D and spathulenol in essential oils of E amethystinum aerial parts, which have contributed to strong cytotoxic activity, while the methanolic extract exhibited strong antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. This article summarises all existing knowledge regarding E amethystinum, its chemical composition and pharmacological activity.

Background: According to laws on health care in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and AKAZ standards hospital health care includes a set of measures, activities and procedures, which are undertaken with the aim of diagnosing, treating and medically rehabilitating patients in appropriate inpatient health care institutions. Objective: The aim of this study was to explain influence of appropriate helath management standards for hospital healthcare activities and diagnostic services in the praxis. Methods: We used published books and papers with health management standards and also AKAZ standards for our description. Results and Discussion: Acute hospitalization according to the standards of the World Health Organization treats acute disease states or acute exacerbation of chronic diseases with a shorter duration of treatment. This type of hospitalization is carried out in: general, cantonal and clinical hospitals. General hospitals provide basic hospital care in general internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, gynecology and obstetrics and diagnostics for this level. Cantonal hospitals provide healthcare services in basic specializations, namely: pediatrics, pneumophthisiology, neurology, psychiatry, infectology, dermatovenerology, internal medicine, medical rehabilitation and physiatry, surgery, urology, orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, gynecology and obstetrics. Clinical centers provide services from a wide range of subspecialties, where the most modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods and equipment are used for diagnosis and treatment in these centers, and at the same time, clinical centers are also educational bases for individual clinical disciplines: cardiology, gastroenterology, nephrology, endocrinology, nuclear medicine, pneumophthisiology, hematology, neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, infectology, dermatovenerology, oncology, angiology, neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, urology, thoracic surgery, orthopedics, reconstructive and plastic surgery, vascular surgery, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, transplantology, cardiac surgery, children\'s surgery, toxicology, gynecology, obstetrics and emergency medicine. Conclusion: Health management aims to fulfill the task of meeting the needs of users of the health system in the process of providing services. The belief that good management is the key to the success of any company, school, development program, or health institution has led to the development of management as a field in recent years

Background: Relationship between preoperative anemia (PA) and postoperative delirium (POD) is not still completely clear and totally proven for surcigally treated patients. This study tries to unveil that connection in patient surgically treated for colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: The aim of this study is to examine relationship between PA and POD in patients surgically treated for CRC and improve preoperative preparation and recognition of critical risk groups of patients for POD. Methods: Out of 62 patient were analysed in prospective method. All patient have been operated for CRC in Surgical clinic of University clinical centre Tuzla from june until december of 2024. Patients were divided in 2 groups depending on presence of PA. Presence of PA is defined as blood hemoglobin concentration (HGB) lower than 130 g/L (<13 g/dL) or hematocrite (HCT) lower than 39% in grown up men and HGB <120 g/L (<12 g/dL) or HCT<37% in grown up women. Incidence of POD was observed and noted postoperatively. POD was diagnosed and confirmed with CAM test (Confusion Assessment Method), which was done inside first 2 hours after surgery and patient extubation. Noted datas were analysed with descriptive and analytic statistic methods. Results: POD incidence was 27% (17/62) on the first postoperative day. After analysis statitically significant realtionship was found between PA and POD (ρ=0.324; p<0.05). Realised corellation is on the significance level of 0.05 (95%), it has positive direction and waek intensity. POD occurs 4,5 times more often in patients with PA. (OR= 4,500; 95% IP: 1.355–14.944). Conclusion: PA is connected with increased number of patients with POD who have been surgically treated for CRC. PA can be defined as one important preoperative risk factor that affect onset of POD . Identification of all preoperative risk factors and its correction represent best way of POD prevention.

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy usually presenting with symmetrical ascending weakness, diminished deep tendon reflexes, and non-specific sensory symptoms. GBS is in essence an autoimmune disorder, and the underlying mechanism is thought to result from so-called molecular mimicry. This hypothesis is further supported by approximately 2/3 of the patients having a preceding infection. In most cases, the infectious trigger occurs in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, with the disease manifesting within four weeks. Even though it most commonly affects children aged 1 to 5 years old, there are rare cases reported in neonates and infants. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 6-month-old infant with Guillain-Barré syndrome following a respiratory infection. The diagnosis was confirmed through cerebrospinal fluid analysis, EMNG, spine MRI, and clinical assessment. Positive human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) in cerebrospinal fluid suggested a potential infectious trigger. The infant was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and ganciclovir, requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Recovery involved gradual neurological improvement and restored motor function over 30 days. Conclusion: GBS is a rare disorder, especially in children and requires multidisciplinary management to prevent complications from occurring and thereby improve the prognosis of patients. Upon arrival at the emergency department, all patients should be carefully evaluated, looking for autonomic and respiratory dysfunction signs. Generally, pediatric patients have a better prognosis compared to adults. Initiation of treatment in the early stages of the disease leads to a faster recovery and consequently fewer sequelae.

Background: The basic model of a neural network is the physical structure of the human brain. The idea is simple: if a sufficiently powerful artificial network of synapses is created, the results of functioning similar to the human brain can be expected . Neural network or neurocomputer is one form of artificial intelligence system implementation, which represents a system consisting of a certain number of interconnected processors or nodes, or process elements that we call artificial neurons. Objective: The aim of this article was to draw attention to the necessity of taking about a detailed history of neural networks which are based on copying information processing in synaptic networks in neurons and synapses in the brain. Methods: The author searched scientific literature: the books and published papers deposited in index databases as source for description and explanation the architecture of a neural networks and its represents a specific connection of neurons into a single unit. Resuls and Discussion: The structure of a neural network differs in the number of layers. The first layer is called the input layer, and the last is the output layer, while the layers in between are called hidden layers. Most often, there are three of them. The first layer, or the input layer, is the only layer that receives data from the external environment, the next (hidden) layer forwards the relevant data to the third (output) layer. At the output of the third layer, we get the final result. More complex neural networks have more hidden layers. The layers are fully interconnected. Layers communicate by connecting the output of each neuron from the previous layer to the inputs of all neurons in the next layer. So, each node has several inputs and one output. The strength of the connections by which the neurons are connected is called the weight factor. Conclusion: In the past several books were written and several companies dealing with neurocomputers were founded. The computers were able to successfully adjust the weight coefficients, did not achieve significant practical results. Although neural networks have had an unusual history, they are still in an stage of development. Today, neural networks find a very wide range of applications in various practical areas.