Breast cancer was traditionally not considered a particularly immunogenic tumor. However, recent developments have shown that some aggressive triple-negative breast cancers are immunogenic, exhibit a resistance to chemotherapy and have a poor prognosis. These cancers have been shown to express molecules identified as targets for immunotherapy. Despite the advances, the challenges are many, and include identifying the patients that may benefit from immunotherapy. The best methods to analyze these samples and to evaluate immunogenicity are also major challenges. Therefore, the most accurate and reliable assessment of immune cells as potential targets is one of the most important aims in the current research in breast immunotherapy. In the present review, we briefly discuss the mechanisms of the regulation of checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1) in breast cancer and explore the predictive aspects in the PD-L1 testing.

Growing problem of card payment fraudulent abuse is a main focus of banks and payment Service Providers (PSPs). This study is using naive Bayes, C4.5 decision tree and bagging ensemble machine learning algorithms to predict outcome of regular and fraud transactions. Performance of algorithms is evaluated through: precision, recall, PRC area rates. Performance of machine learning algorithms PRC rates between 0,999 and 1,000 expressing that these algorithms are quite good in distinguishing binary class 0 in our dataset. Amongst all algorithms best performing PRC class 1 rate has Bagging with C4.5 decision tree as base learner with rate of 0,825. For prediction of fraud transactions with success of 92,74% correctly predicted with C4.5 decision tree algorithm.

Objective/Purpose: The purpose of this work was the assessment of the clinical efficacy and safety of Bioapigyn® vaginal ointment for pelvic muscle tonus compared to pelvic floor muscle training in alleviating the symptoms of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence and vulvo-vaginal disorders in child-bearing and menopausal & postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The experimental group consisted of 66 women was treated 28 days with Bioapigyn® ointment for pelvic muscle tonus (2.5 mL/day). The control group also consisted of 66  participants was subjected to pelvic floor muscle training during 28 days (five times a day). ICIQ-UI SF score, the residual urine volume, perineometry, the total score of vulvo-vaginal symptoms and vaginal pH were determined before and after the treatment or training. Results: Following the treatment with Bioapigyn® ointment ICIQ-UI-SF score decreased 54.9%, perineometry parameters  increased  between  31.5  and  34.3%,  residual  urine  decreased  for 76.9%  and  vaginal  pH  for 14.2%. All the symptoms of vulvo-vaginal disorders disappeared completely in all participants. The control group showed no changes in vaginal pH or the improvement concerning the vulvo-vaginal complaints. ICIQ- UI-SF score decreased for 4.3%, residual urine volume for 9.1% while perineometry parameters increased between 4.3 and 8.3%. Conclusion/Discussion: Bioapigyn® vaginal ointment for pelvic muscle tonus alleviate the symptoms of incontinence by tightening and firming of the smooth muscles of the pelvic floor thanks to the ingredients with smooth muscles contraction/relaxation and astringent properties. Low pH, high osmolarity, viscosity, greasiness and coating effect of the ointment eradicated vulvo-vaginal complaints.

Ksanten turevleri, dogal, yari sentetik ve sentetik kokenli olabilen siklik, organik bilesikleri temsil eder. Bu bilesikler, antibakteriyel, antiviral ve antienflamatuar ozellikler gibi cesitli farmakolojik aktiviteler nedeniyle dikkat cekmektedirler. Ayrica, ilaca direncli losemi hatlari icin ve fotodinamik tedavide antagonistler olarak kullanilmaktadirlar. Ayrica lazer teknolojisinde boyalar ve biyomolekullerin gorsellestirilmesi icin pH'a duyarli floresan malzemeler olarak uygulanirlar. Veteriner hekimlik alaninda yeni hastaliklar nedeniyle, bu bilesiklerin uygulanmasi cok faydali olabilir ve literaturde Veteriner arastirma alanindaki benzer bilesiklerin aktivitesi aciklanmaktadir. Bu derlemede ksanten turevlerinin antibakteriyel, antifungal, antihelmintik, antiprotozoal, antikanserojenik ve antidiyabetik aktivite gibi en onemli aktiviteleri ve etki mekanizmalari sunulmustur.

Kao rezultat socijalnog utjecaja, fenomen konformizma se može pojaviti u malim grupama, ali i u čitavom društvu kao čin upoređivanja stavova, uvjerenja i ponašanja s normama grupe. Premda samo postojanje društva podrazumijeva postojanje određenog stepena konformizma u vidu popuštanja zahtjevima većine, praćenja trendova i zajedničkih aktivnosti u svrhu napretka čovječanstva, fenomen konformizma istraživački je zanimljiv obično u slučajevima kada podrazumijeva odstupanje pojedinca od vlastitih vrijednosti, stavova, mišljenja i procjena kako bi se priklonio većini, bilo radi toga što sam nije siguran u ispravnost svoje procjene ili pak ne želi ugroziti svoj položaj u određenoj socijalnoj grupi.  Ne postoji jedno, općeprihvaćeno, objašnjenje konformizma. Jedni autori ga određuju kao svako usvajanje grupnih normi, a drugi kao mijenjanje ponašanja uslijed zamišljenog ili stvarnog pritiska grupe. No, mijenjaju li pojedinci svoje mišljenje pod uticajem socijalne sredine ili pak odustaju od vlastitih stavova samo izvana, a privatno zadržavaju svoja uvjerenja? Kakve nedostatke imaju dosadašnja istraživanja konformizma i kako je konformizan ispitivan na našim prostorima i u svijetu, problem je kojim se bavimo u ovom radu. Cilj rada je prikazati historijat i razvoj istraživanja konformizma, od pionirskih radova Sherifa i Ascha do danas, pritom (prateći) dobivene rezultate smjestiti u historijski i društveni okvir.

Andalužanska gramatička škola je jedna u nizu gramatičkih škola koja je obogatila lingvistiku arapskog jezika i ostavila neizbrisiv trag na njen dalji razvoj. Nakon dolaska Arapa u Andaluziju, a zbog specifičnog geografskog položaja, javila se potreba za izučavanjem arapskog jezika i svih disciplina vezanih za njega. Iako su živjeli daleko od naučnih centara na arapskom Istoku, Andalužani su postali prepoznatljivi po svojim karakterističnim stavovima i svojim komentarima brojnih kapitalnih djela, ali i djelima koja su nastajala u Granadi, Kordobi i Sevilji koja su u velikoj mjeri obogatili arapsku biblioteku. Rad predstavlja okolnosti u kojima je nastala ova škola, navodi najznačajnije karakteristike i stavove ove škole, kao i najznačajnije protagoniste Andalužanske škole i njihov doprinos razvoju gramatike arapskog jezika uopće.

Problem ovog istraživanja obuhvata emocionalnu kompetentnost nastavnika, a cilj istraživanja je ispitivanje značaja i veličine uticaja spola, vrste nastave, starosne dobi i dužine radnog staža nastavnika na nivo njihove emocionalne kompetentnosti. Istraživanje je obavljeno Upitnikom UEK-45 na uzorku od 225 nastavnika osnovne i srednje škole s područja Unsko-sanskog kantona, a po nacrtu spada u komparativna istraživanja, retrospektivno-prospektivnog tipa. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali postojanje razlika u aritmetičkim sredinama ukupnog rezultata i rezultata na subskalama upitnika UEK-45 s obzirom na kriterijske varijable spola, vrste nastave, starosne dobi i dužine radnog staža nastavnika. Testiranjem značajnosti ovih razlika t-testom i Analizom varijanse (ANOVA) potvrđena je značajnost razlika: s obzirom na vrstu nastave na subskali uočavanja i razumijevanja emocija (URE), s obzirom na starosnu dob na subskali regulacije i upravljanja emocijama (RUE) među ispitanicima starosne dobi 25–34 godine i onih sa 45 i više godina, te na subskali izražavanja i imenovanja emocija (IIE) s obzirom na razliku starosne dobi i dužine radnog staža između nastavnika s ovom razlikom u intervalu 25–34 godine i onih s ovom razlikom od 45 i više godina.

A hollow electric heating cylinder is inserted inside a thermo-insulating cylindrical body of larger diameter, together representing a single cylindrical heating element. Three cylindrical heating elements, with an independent electrical source, are arranged alternately one after the other to form a heating duct. The internal diameters of the hollow heating cylinders are different, and the cylinders are arranged from the largest to the smallest in the nanofluid’s flow direction. Through these hollow heating cylinders passes nanofluid, which is thereby heated. The material of the hollow heating cylinders is a PTC (positive temperature coefficient) heating source, which allows maintaining approximately constant temperatures of the cylinders’ surfaces. The analytical analysis used three temperatures of the hollow heating cylinders of 400 K, 500 K, and 600 K. The temperatures of the heating cylinders are varied for each of the three cylindrical heating elements. In the same arrangement, the inner diameters of the hollow cylinders are set to 15 mm, 11 mm, and 7 mm in the nanofluid’s flow direction. The basis of the analytical model is the entransy flow dissipation rate. Furthermore, a new dimension irreversibility ratio is introduced as the ratio between entransy flow dissipation and thermal-generated entropy. This paper provides a suitable basis for optimizing the geometric and process parameters of cylindrical heating elements. An optimization criterion can be maximizing the new dimensionless irreversibility ratio, which implies minimizing thermal entropy and maximizing entransy flow dissipation.