Enteric viruses are commonly found obligate parasites in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These viruses usually follow a fecal-oral route of transmission and are characterized by their extraordinary stability as well as resistance in high-stress environments. Most of them cause similar symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In order to come in contract with mucosal surfaces, these viruses need to pass the three main lines of defense: mucus layer, innate immune defenses, and adaptive immune defenses. The following atypical gastrointestinal infections are discussed: SARS-CoV2, hantavirus, herpes simplex virus I, cytomegalovirus, and calicivirus. Dysbiosis represents any modification to the makeup of resident commensal communities from those found in healthy individuals and can cause a patient to become more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. The interaction between bacteria, viruses, and host physiology is still not completely understood. However, with growing research on viral infections, dysbiosis, and new methods of detection, we are getting closer to understanding the nature of these viruses, their typical and atypical characteristics, long-term effects, and mechanisms of action in different organ systems.

In recent years, it has been shown that gastrointestinal microflora has a substantial impact on the development of a large number of chronic diseases. The imbalance in the number or type of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to diseases and conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, diabetes, and small bowel cancers. This can occur as a result of genetics, alcohol, tobacco, chemotherapeutics, cytostatics, as well as antibiotic overuse. Due to this, essential taxa can be lost, and the host’s metabolism can be severely affected. A less known condition called small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can be seen in patients who suffer from hypochlorhydria and small intestine cancers. It is characterized as a state in which the bacterial population in the small intestine exceeds 105–106 organisms/mL. The latest examination methods such as double-balloon enteroscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy have the potential to increase the accuracy and precision of diagnosis and provide better patient care. This review paper aims to summarize the effect of the gastrointestinal environment on chronic disease severity and the development of cancers.

Orthopedic surgical judgment and a decision-making process in peace is a topic that has been discussed and written about for decades, but the wartime surgical judgment is something that cannot be predicted or prepared for. There is no wartime surgery class in any medical school worldwide that can prepare a surgeon for his/her work under a wartime environment applying all of their knowledge, skill and effort to achieve the best possible result for a patient. With this short note, authors would like to raise awareness on all surgical and medical staff worldwide working under wartime conditions and giving their super-human efforts to save patients.

Background/Aim. Despite bunion surgery having been performed for more than 100 years, there has yet to be a technique considered as the ?Gold Standard?. The aim of the study was to compare postoperative results of Mitchell vs. Golden methods of treating moderate hallux valgus deformity. Methods.This observational case control study included 49 patients (81 feet) who had the Mitchell distal metatarsal osteotomy performed, and 49 patients (77 feet) that had the Golden proximal metatarsal osteotomy performed. The results of treatment were evaluated using Hellal?s modification of the Bonney and McNab classification and the Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Score (HMIS). The statistical analysis of the results was done, thus the values p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. Both operative procedures showed successful and statistically significant postoperative results compared to the preoperative status (p < 0.001). Comparative analysis of the results from the Mitchell and Golden procedures, according to the Hellal?s modification of Bonney and McNab classification, proved that there was a high statistically significant difference in favor of the Mitchell method (p < 0.001), whereas the comparison based on the HMIS showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.123) between the two methods. The estimated results analysis of both procedures, based on the values of hallux valgus angle, intermetatarsal angle, sesamoid position, length of immobilization, treatment duration and complications demonstrated that there was a highly significant difference in favor of the Mitchell method (p < 0.001), whereas the value of the shortening of the first metatarsal bone indicated that the shortening was greater in the Mitchell method (p < 0.001), which goes in favor of the Golden method. Regarding the flexion of the thumb of the feet operated on, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.723). Conclusion. The examinations performed indicated that both methods showed good postoperative results, but applying the Mitchell method they were better.

Blood vessel branching of the proximal femur by its scheme differs from all other major joints. This scheme changes during the individual's development, dynamically depend ing on age. Namely, the caliber, blood flow rate, and dominance of certain arteries from the entire network of blood vessels that participate in the vascular supply of the hip are not equally expressed in all stages of development. In each successive stage, blood supply is dominated by a different artery that, after a certain period of time, shifts its major role to another artery. Anastomoses between individual arteries are not constant in all stages of development, and they represent a great importance for compensatory mechanisms. The disturbance of local arterial blood vessels, at a time when they domi - nate the blood supply and affect the quality of hip development and maturation, leads to reduced perfusion, and consequently, to the lack of development, ossification, and possible osteonecrosis.

Every long bone fracture in orthopedic surgery represents a possible scenario for devel- opment of embolism complication, especially the fat embolism. There is no scientific explanation why fat embolism occurs and what are the hypotheses for development of fat embolism or the proper way of prevention, but just speculations and possible theories in the evolution of the clinical picture of fat embolism syndrome. Throughout this chap- ter, the authors will explain the possible theories of development of fat embolism, risk factors, pathology, and pathophysiology during progress of the clinical picture and signs of the fat embolism syndrome and therapy.