Background: There is no specified diagnostic procedure that can help in determining the cause of death and the diagnosis of drowning because the pathohistological signs are almost identical and non-specified. Aim: Our study aims to recognize and prove diatom appearance in organs from a forensic aspect in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to examine which is the more specific method in the diagnosis of drowning, the diatom test or the pathohistological finding. Methods: Rats of the recommended body weight were divided into four groups: G1 (n = 8; mechanism of death—asphyxia; cause of death—suffocation, submerged 1 hour after death); G2 (n = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-suffocation, immersed 72 hours after death); G3 (n = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-drowning, autopsy immediately after death), and G4 (n = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-drowning, post mortem 24 hours after death). Results: During the diatom analysis, four species of diatoms, Diatoma vulgaris, Melosira varians, Epithemia adnata, and Cymbella sp, were successfully recovered from the stomach. Microscopic analysis did not detect diatoms in the kidneys and brains of rats, while the pathohistological changes were relatively uniform. Conclusion: Our results propose that the diatom test is a sustainable tool for supporting the diagnosis of drowning in the forensic pathology analysis of the cause of death. This experimental study is a starting point toward the optimization of tests and sampling in cases of unexplained etiology.

Background - Organ donation and organ transplantation refer to a medical treatment approach that involves substituting a diseased or damaged organ or tissue in the human body with a healthy one. Progress in surgical techniques, immunology, and medical science has facilitated the advancement of transplant procedures. Nowadays, a wide range of organs, organ parts, and tissues can be successfully transplanted. Depending on the part of the body in question, the organs that are donated can come from a deceased donor or from a living person. Factors that influence the individual in a positive direction in terms of donating their organs have been presented in previous studies as the socio-economic status of informants, education level, being young, gender, donation to family members and social support. Aim - of this study is to synthesize qualitative and quantitative research on individuals' attitudes and decisions regarding organ donation, as well as the factors influencing these matters. Materials and Methods - A systematic search was conducted on the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases for qualitative and quantitative literature regarding factors influencing an individual to donate their organs to other individuals. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to generate themes and supporting subthemes. Fifteen studies were included. Results - The three main themes were: socioeconomic and cultural factors, dissatisfaction with, and mistrust of the healthcare system. Unspecified donors demonstrated a deep sense of different factors that influenced the individual to donate their organs to other individuals. Religious factors, fear and prejudices, gender differences, the influence of family members and not being treated well by healthcare professionals were only a few of the factors that were stated in the present study. Conclusion - The results of the present study show that there were many different factors that influenced an individual to decide whether to donate organs. Even though the individuals belong to different religions, come from different cultures, look at family relationships differently and have different degrees of knowledge, the opinions and factors that influence their decision regarding organ donation are the same. Healthcare should work more actively to inform and increase knowledge and consciousness about organ donation among people who are prospective donors. This can mean more information in several different languages, as well as where different religions stand on organ donation. Key words: Organ donation, transplantation, influence, factors, decision, review.

Objective The aim was to test the Belgrade age formula based on the calculation of open apices of two permanent mandibular teeth on a Bosnian children population and compare its accuracy with European formula. Material and methods We included 412 panoramic images of children (204 female and 208 male) 7 to 13 years of age. We assessed the performance of both methods (the European formula and the BAF) and compared their results in both sexes. Results The results showed a high point of average understanding between the age estimated by chronological age and the European formula (ICC=0.927, 95% CI 0.904–0.944, p<0.001)., BAF also confirmed a high point of agreement with chronological age in boys (ICC=0.941, 95% CI 0.922–0.955, p<0.001) and girls (ICC=0.913, 95% CI 0.886–0.934, p<0.001). BAF was better than the European formula in estimating age in males (0.4448±0.9135 vs. 0.9807±0.9422). Conclusion The Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) demonstrates comparable accuracy to the European formula for age determination in Bosnian children, while offering the advantage of being easier and faster to use. This makes the BAF a practical alternative in clinical and research settings where efficiency and reliability are essential.

INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the neglected tropical diseases that affects impoverished communities throughout the world. In Pakistan CL is an endemic disease. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the incidence of CL infection in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan from January 2020 to March 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY A total of 1047 clinically suspected cases of CL from Bolan Medical College Hospital, Quetta, were followed up in the study. The data regarding the epidemiological characterstics, pathological information, and treatment of patients was collected. RESULTS Out of 1047 probable cases of CL, 594 (56.73%) cases were found to be positive for CL. Females had the highest infection rate, with the majority of reported cases being in the 0-9-year age group. Most CL cases were reported in April in the year 2020, with a few cases reported in June. But in the year 2021, the highest number of cases were reported in December. The number of overall cases has gradually increased in the year 2022, most likely because of the reduction in COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The p value for the positive as compared to suspected cases in the years 2020, 2021, and 2022 was calculated as 0.8925, 0.8763, and 0.8535 respectively. CONCLUSIONS Further epidemiological studies and health education campaigns are recommended to increase public awareness. It is strongly advised that local, provincial, and national health authorities establish and maintain effective leishmaniasis surveillance systems to promptly identify disease outbreaks and implement timely control measures.

Aim To investigate how immigrants from the Balkan region experienced their current life situation after living in Sweden for 30 years or more. Materials The study was designed as a qualitative study using data from interviews with informants from five Balkan countries. The inclusion criteria were informants who were immigrants to Sweden and had lived in Sweden for more than 30 years. Five groups comprising sixteen informants were invited to participate in the study, and they all agreed. Results The analysis of the interviews resulted in three main categories: "from someone to no one", "labour market", and "discrimination". All the informants reported that having an education and life experience was worth-less, having a life but having to start over, re-educating, applying for many jobs but often not being answered, and finally getting a job for which every in-formant was educated but being humiliated every day and treated separately as well as being discriminated against. Conclusion Coming to Sweden with all their problems, having an education and work experience that was equal to zero in Sweden, studying Swedish and re-reading/repeating all their education, looking for a job and not receiving answers to applications, and finally getting a job but being treated differently and discriminated against on a daily basis was experienced by all the in-formants as terrible. Even though there are enough similar studies in Sweden, it is always good to write more to help prospective immigrants and prospective employers in Sweden.

Introduction: The research aimed to determine individual variations in different core temperature measurements before the experiment, after submersion, after 20 min of exposure for heat stroke. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups depending on the temperature and length of exposure to water: CG, G41-20 and G41-UD. The protocol was made according to the earlier described methodology of heat shock induction. Results: A significant difference was observed in the G41-UD group; p < 0.0005. The lowest body temperature of the rats was observed, from normothermia, and the highest temperature after death, 37.87 ± 0.62 °C vs 41.20 ± 0.76 °C, the difference between all three groups is p < 0.0005. Conclusion: Exposure of Wistar rats to water temperatures in the CG and G41 groups led to a significant change in core temperature. In the control group, the thermoregulatory mechanism firmly established normothermia, while hyperthermia was revealed in the G41 group during the 20-minute exposure.

Background: Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic infection caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema migras is the main clinical marker of the disease. Objective: This study aimed was to investigate the frequency and clinical manifestations of European borreliosis on the skin, and to determine the significance of these findings for diagnosis and therapy. Methods: A retrospective-prospective clinical study of outpatients treated and monitored in a private clinic of an infectologist was conducted over nine years from to 2013-2021. The study was clinical, descriptive and analytical in nature. Results: In the investigated period, 509 (30.8%) patients with borreliosis symptoms were treated. EM in our patients occurred under the following conditions: a) ringed redness, b) redness of target cels and d) continuous round or oval redness of different sizes of individual redness, or multiple occurrences with primary dissemination. Skin changes with multiorgan chronic symptoms of borreliosis occurred in 67.7% of cases the including: walking redness of different shapes and sizes, pink borreliosis stretch marks, white borreliosis stretch marks, borreliosis palms and soles, psoriatic changes, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, Scleroderma circumscripta-morphae, Erythema nodosum, Granuloma anulare and Lichen striatus et atrophicans. Of the 509 patients treated for borreliosis, 32.3% with multi-organ symptomatology had no skin changes. Conclusion: The skin manifestations of European borreliosis are multi-layered and Erythema migrans are basic, but not the only markers of the disease. ‘Pink borreliose stretch marks, “white borreliosis striae”, “borreliosis palms or soles”, and intermittent redness accompanied by itching are unique markers for the diagnosis of chronic borreliosis, if they are manifested.