S obzirom na sve veći nedostatak šumskih radnika i zbog toga na otežano ostvarivanje plana sječe neizbježno je da šumarska poduzeća razmatraju, među ostalim, mogućnosti uporabe suvremenih strojeva u tehnološkom procesu sječe stabala i izrade drvnih sortimenata i forvardera u fazi izvoženja drva. Primjena te tehnologije rada u šumarstvu BiH nameće i potrebu istraživanja njezina utjecaja na šumski ekosustav. Stoga se u ovom radu prikazuju rezultati oštećivanja preostalih stabala u sastojini pri primjeni djelomično i potpuno mehaniziranoga sustava pridobivanja drva. Istraživanje je provedeno na području kojim gospodari Šumsko privredno društvo »Unsko-sanske šume« d.o.o. Bosanska Krupa, u Podružnici šumarija Ključ. U dva šumska odjela postavljena je mreža dimenzija 200 × 200 m i ogledne plohe u obliku kruga polumjera 25 m i površine 0,19625 ha. Analizirana su sva oštećena preostala stabla na oglednim plohama prsnoga promjera iznad 5 cm i snimljeni ovi podaci: vrsta drveća, prsni promjer, vrsta oštećenja, mjesto oštećenja i veličina oštećenja. U jednom analiziranom šumskom odjelu primijenjeni su ručno-strojna sječa i izrada motornim pilama te forvarder, skider s vitlom i samarica za privlačenje drva – djelomično mehanizirani sustav pridobivanja drva. U drugom šumskom odjelu primijenjen je harvester za sječu stabala i izradu šumskih drvnih sortimenata ili samo za izradu šumskih drvnih sortimenata od stabala posječenih motornom pilom (udaljenija stabla od puta i stabla velikih promjera), te forvarder za privlačenje (izvoženje) drva – uvjetno određeno kao potpuno mehanizirani sustav pridobivanja drva (sustav harvester i forvarder). Primjena harvestera i forvardera u tehnološkom procesu pridobivanja drva uzrokovala je oštećenja na 13,21 % preostalih stabala u analiziranom šumskom odjelu koji obuhvaća visoke šume s prirodnom obnovom i šumske kulture. Analiza prikupljenih podataka pokazala je da ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u udjelu oštećenih stabala tijekom primjene promatranih sustava pridobivanja drva u visokim šumama s prirodnom obnovom (χ2 p = 0,1005). Najčešća vrsta oštećenja u oba slučaja je »oguljena kora i oštećeno drvo«. Najveći je broj oštećenja zabilježen na žilištu i pridanku kod djelomično mehaniziranoga sustava pridobivanja drva, odnosno na deblu i pridanku kod potpuno mehaniziranoga sustava pridobivanja drva. Radi dobivanja pouzdanijih rezultata potrebno je nastaviti sa sličnim istraživanjima kojima bi se obuhvatio veći broj utjecajnih čimbenika.

The sustainable forest management concept contains the essence of the sustainable development paradigm - meeting the current needs of society without compromising the needs of future generations. The strategic commitment of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is aimed at quality education of forestry experts, conducting innovative research and the most intensive cooperation with the economy. The methodological approach in this paper is based on a critical analysis of the scope of the educational-research process at the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo, and the potentials of sustainable forest management in BiH, to determine to what extent higher education and research on environmental, sociological and economic aspects of forest management can affect positive changes in BiH society. Apart from identifying the benefits of forest ecosystems in the context of contributing to sustainable development, the research on the attitudes of teaching staff related to the contribution of the educational-research process to general goals of sustainable development from the 2030 Agenda was conducted. The results of this paper show that the concept of sustainable forest management, as it is realized in educational-research process at the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo, has significant potential to contribute to sustainable development in BiH. This contribution is reflected in biodiversity conservation, mitigation of climate change, carbon storage, prevention of natural disasters, impact on the stability of water and soil, energy supply from renewable sources, continuous economic growth, socially responsible production and consumption, job security, development of rural and urban areas as well as maintaining and improving the psychophysical health of the population. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that sustainable forest management, grounded on scientific postulates, understanding of diversity of forest ecosystem services and dynamics in society's requirements towards forests, multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral cooperation, can be an important factor of sustainable development in BiH.

The negative influence of timber harvesting on the forest environment is reflected through damage to the residual trees, regeneration, and forest soil. Considering that skidding, a popular extraction method, can cause substantial and severe damage to the remaining stand, the aim of this research was to determine damage to residual trees during skidding by an LKT 81T cable skidder, including oxen bunching. The research was conducted in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in an uneven-aged mixed fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce (Picea abies L.) forest with pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on limestone soils. Tree felling was conducted using a Husqvarna 372 XP chainsaw. Extraction operations caused damage to 6.31% of the residual trees in the stand. The most damage was “removed bark” (65.34%) and occurred on the lower parts of the tree, the butt end (55.11%) and root collar (32.39%). The average size of the damage was 197.08 cm2. A statistically significant correlation was found between the damage position and the diameter at the breast height (p < 0.05) and the damage position and damage size (p < 0.01) by Spearman correlation analysis. The conducted analysis by the chi-squared test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the proportion of damage for trees with different distances to the nearest skid road (p = 0.0487), but the share of damaged trees did not decrease by increasing the distance from the skid road.

Heterogeneity of structure can increase mechanical stability, stress resistance and resilience, biodiversity and many other functions and services of forest stands. That is why many silvicultural measures aim at enhancing structural diversity. However, the effectiveness and potential of structuring may depend on the site conditions. Here, we revealed how the stand structure is determined by site quality and results from site-dependent partitioning of growth and mortality among the trees. We based our study on 90 mature, even-aged, fully stocked monocultures of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) sampled in 21 countries along a productivity gradient across Europe. A mini-simulation study further analyzed the site-dependency of the interplay between growth and mortality and the resulting stand structure. The overarching hypothesis was that the stand structure changes with site quality and results from the site-dependent asymmetry of competition and mortality. First, we show that Scots pine stands structure across Europe become more homogeneous with increasing site quality. The coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient of stem diameter and tree height continuously decreased, whereas Stand Density Index and stand basal area increased with site index. Second, we reveal a site-dependency of the growth distribution among the trees and the mortality. With increasing site index, the asymmetry of both competition and growth distribution increased and suggested, at first glance, an increase in stand heterogeneity. However, with increasing site index, mortality eliminates mainly small instead of all-sized trees, cancels the size variation and reduces the structural heterogeneity. Third, we modelled the site-dependent interplay between growth partitioning and mortality. By scenario runs for different site conditions, we can show how the site-dependent structure at the stand level emerges from the asymmetric competition and mortality at the tree level and how the interplay changes with increasing site quality across Europe. Our most interesting finding was that the growth partitioning became more asymmetric and structuring with increasing site quality, but that the mortality eliminated predominantly small trees, reduced their size variation and thus reversed the impact of site quality on the structure. Finally, the reverse effects of mode of growth partitioning and mortality on the stand structure resulted in the highest size variation on poor sites and decreased structural heterogeneity with increasing site quality. Since our results indicate where heterogeneous structures need silviculture interventions and where they emerge naturally, we conclude that these findings may improve system understanding and modelling and guide forest management aiming at structurally rich forests.

Seventy years of continuous publishing of the Journal “Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu” (Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo) represents a significant indicator of the importance of the topics it publishes in its content. The main goal of this paper is to present the Journal through History and show his continuity of work. The main material for this paper is all published issues and articles from 1952 to 2021. With this analysis, we will show a History of the Journal, and its design change, and analyze the number of published papers per year, per editor during these 70 years of existence.

Debljina kore i njen udio u obujmu oblog drva predstavljaju bitne značajke u tehnološkom procesu pridobivanja drva, posebno u fazi preuzimanja drva. S obzirom da je itekako važno raspolagati s relativno točnim podacima ovih značajki kore za pojedine vrste drveća, osnovni cilj ovoga rada je istražiti navedene značajke kore bukve. Istraživanje je provedeno na području Kantona 10, a obuhvatilo je 678 stabla bukve od 10 do 85 cm promjera na prsnoj visini i od 5 do 40 m visine. Mjerenje srednjeg promjera i debljine kore obavljeno je metodom sekcioniranja, a ukupno je izmjereno 6.403 promjera i debljina kore ili 9,4 mjerenja po jednom stablu u prosjeku. Rezultati su pokazali sljedeće: a) povećanjem srednjeg promjera oblog drva dvostruka debljina kore povećava se od 6,05 mm (debljinski razred 12,5 cm) do 20,69 mm (debljinski razred 82,5 cm); b) povećanjem srednjeg promjera oblog drva udio se kore u obujmu eksponencijalno smanjuje od 9,44% (debljinski razred 12,5 cm) do 4,95% (debljinski razred 82,5 cm). ­Utvrđene razlike u komparaciji s drugim autorima koji su istraživali ove značajke kore bukve, ukazuju na važnost nastavka istraživanja i na drugim područjima u BiH. Na taj način bi se dobili pouzdaniji rezultati koji bi bili primjenjivi za cijelu državu ili parcijalno za pojedine njene dijelove, ako se razlika između područja pokaže statistički ­značajnom. Dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju nezaobilaznu polaznu osnovu za izradu tablica kore bukve i novog ­pravilnika o načinu izmjere oblog drva i utvrđivanja količina.

Spatial structure is the horizontal and vertical arrangement of individual trees. It affects many processes in the stand such as stability, production and regeneration. Stand structure parameters are used to describe spatial structure on experimental plots. The paper presents methods that describe the stand structure through three levels of diversity related to position, species and size. Research has been conducted on two experimental plots from the area of Olovo. Referent trees and their competitors were selected on both experimental plots, and competitors were defined by referent tree distance. The aim of this paper is to describe the spatial structure on experimental plot of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and experimental plot of European beech and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Indicators of spatial diversity, dimensional diversity and diversity of tree species have been determined to achieve that aim. For each experimental plots are described: horizontal tree distribution (Poisson Distribution, Clapham's Variance – Mean Ratio and Morisita's Index of Dispersion), diameter differentiation (Diameter Differentiation by Füldner and Dominance Index by Hui et al.), species diversity and structural diversity (Species Profile Index by Pretzsch) and species intermingling (Species Intermingling Index by Füldner). Obtained results show that the stand structure of both experimental plots deviates from random distribution. Dimensional diversity parameters indicate stronger intensity of competition for beech trees. Analysis of species diversity showed that beech trees occur in groups or patches, and the other represented species mix more intensive.

Developing ‘climate smart forestry’ (CSF) indicators in mountain forest regions requires collection and evaluation of local data and their attributes. Genetic resources are listed among the core indicators for ‘forest biological diversity’. This study is a report on the evaluation of the standing genetic diversity within and across 12 pure beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) established within the CLIMO project, using nuclear microsatellite markers. The sampling sites were set along the species’ distribution range, including the Balkan region and extending towards the Iberian Peninsula. Cores or leaves from 20-23, old, mature trees per plot were sampled for DNA analysis. Genetic diversity indices were high across the range (HE = 0.74 - 0.81) with the highest in the Bosnian Mountains. Genetic divergence increased significantly with the geographical distance (Mantel test: r=0.81. p<0.001). Most of the stands exhibited an excess of heterozygotes, with the highest value at the Hungarian site (HO/HE = 1.177), where beech persists close to the eastern xeric limit of the species’ distribution. STRUCTURE revealed within–region differentiation in the Balkan Peninsula, where Bulgarian stand was the most outstanding. The genetic parameters of each stand could be assessed as a resource for CSF indicators interpreted especially at the local level.