Food spoilage is phenomenon associated with occurence of the microorganisms in agricultural products. Due to the ability of several microorganisms to colonize plant material, agrochemicals were proposed to suppress bacterial growth. However, overuse of agrochemicals has detrimental impact on environmental quality. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.), wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) to suppress the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of these plant extracts was determined using the disc diffusion method. Mueller-Hinton agar was inoculated with bacterial inoculum; six filter paper disks, impregnated with 15 μl aqueous extract (1, 2 and 4%), were placed on each agar surface. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and expressed in millimeters (mm). Almost all aqueous extracts showed a negligible effect on the growth of E. coli and E. faecalis. Significant suppression of bacterial growth compared with other treatments was observed with the aqueous extract of wild garlic at a concentration of 4%. This research confirms the potential of wild garlic extract in suppression of potential pathogens.

Svrha rada je da pruži pregled poslovnog okruženja u Bosni i Herce­govini i objasni njegov uticaj na priliv stranih direktnih investicija. U radu će se dalje analizirati struktura, iznosi i priliv stranih direktnih investici­ja koje je Bosna i Hercegovina privukla posljednjih godina. Prema podacima iz izvještaja međunarodnih organizacija, a na osnovu veći­ne pokazatelja, Bosna i Hercegovina i dalje zaostaje za susjednim zemljama. Da bi se stimulisao priliv stranih direktnih investicija, potrebno je stvoriti pre­duslove za njihov veći priliv, ali i stvoriti povoljan poslovni ambijent koji će biti atraktivan za strane investitore. Bosna i Hercegovina mora preduzeti niz aktivnosti, kako bi unaprijedila uku­pnu poslovnu klimu. Koje su to postojeće poslovne prepreke koje treba priori­tetno otkloniti, što bi rezultiralo povećanjem stranih direktnih investicija, ta­kođe će biti predmet razmatranja u ovom radu.

Right ventricular myxoma are primary rare benign cardiac tumors with each new case contributing to the new evidence in a management and treatment of the disease. We present an 80 year-old male patient with symptoms of fatigue on exertion and previous history of essential hypertension. Right ventricular myxoma was diagnosed on echocardiography and it was confirmed by futher diagnostic procedures. The most serious complication is arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. A patient was referred for the urgent cardiosurgical intervention and successful extirpation of tumor was performed.

This paper primarily analyzes the classification of international organizations according to different criteria to see the specificity of the EU as a sui generis international organization. The authors specifically examine the legal order of the EU and the process of achieving full membership. They are interested in the EU accession process, particularly for countries in the Western Balkans like Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is covered by the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Candidate countries have access to various EU funds, which the authors analyze as pre-accession assistance. The study assesses Bosnia and Herzegovina’s status in European integration and delves into the use of IPA funds in the country, including its withdrawal, scope, and limitations. The authors emphasize the importance of IPA funds for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Radiation-based local-regional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have gained wide acceptance due to promising rates of tumor response, survival, and safety profiles. After treatment, it is important to assess tumor response to determine further management, patient prognosis, and endpoint outcomes for clinical trials. To standardize imaging interpretation and reporting of HCC response to local-regional treatment, a few imaging-based response assessment systems were developed. Two of them have emerged as the most used: the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) Treatment Response Algorithm (LR-TRA) and the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). While these systems have been validated for the assessment of response to ablative locoregional therapies, assessment of response to radiation-based therapies can be challenged by persistent or evolving imaging features and is still an area of active research. Following the advances in technology and a better understanding of tumor biology that allowed for the increased application of radiation-based local-regional therapies for the treatment of HCC, research is still needed to address the limitations of current imaging criteria for assessing tumor response to these novel techniques. In this review, we describe radiation-based liver-directed treatment options, examine imaging criteria for assessing treatment response, discuss practical limitations and gaps in knowledge when applying these response criteria, and address future directions that may help to improve accuracy and outcomes when assessing response to radiation-based HCC treatment.

The acoustic adaptation hypothesis (AAH) is often tested between species from open and closed habitats. However, the acoustic differences are rather small and thus the evidence is ambiguous. We tested the AAH between subterranean and surface-dwelling species living in very different acoustic environments. Lower frequencies (<1 kHz) are transmitted best in subterranean burrows and there is a high-frequency cut off around 3 kHz. The other important factor influencing the frequencies of vocal signals is body size. Acoustic allometry – a negative relationship between body size and frequency of acoustic signals – indicates that larger species tend to produce sounds of lower frequencies than smaller species, due to their larger vocal apparatus. The present study shows, that acoustic allometry applies to subterranean as well as surface-dwelling rodents and that the environment influences the main frequency of their vocalization. Besides, the subterranean species tend to have lower vocal signals than surface-dwelling species.

The state of the Vatican City and its state-legal system is an interesting and inexhaustible topic for both lawyers and historians, theologians, sociologists, political scientists and other experts who study social phenomena. For a lawyer, the specific legal position of the Vatican and the Holy See, for example in international law and their relationship with other sovereign entities, states and international organizations and other (non-state) entities, is definitely a particularly interesting question. A lot has been written about it. That is why we cannot give the impression that the internal state and legal system of the Vatican has been neglected. For this reason, the author of this paper decided to present one branch of the internal law of the Vatican City State. Criminal law definitely represents an important segment in the legal system of every country. It developed and evolved. The development of criminal law (in the theoretical and practical sense) was accompanied by changes in the penal/criminal legislation. The penal/criminal legislation of this papal "mini-state" is apparently specific. However, the paper before you will not be a discussion about the origin and nature of Vatican penal/criminal law. That will be left for another time. With the Lateran Pact and the creation of the Vatican City-State, positive Italian legislation was taken over. That legislation underwent certain changes by "Vatican law". The latest novelties in the penal/criminal legislation of the Vatican City State are the subject of this work, and the author will try to present them in a concise way and thus try to give his modest development of jurisprudential thought about Vatican (penal/criminal) law.