BACKGROUND The widespread use of Immune checkpoint-inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionised treatment of multiple cancer types. However, selecting patients who may benefit from ICI remains challenging. Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches allow exploitation of high-dimension oncological data in research and development of precision immuno-oncology. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed original articles studying the ICI efficacy prediction in cancer patients across five data modalities: genomics (including genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics), radiomics, digital pathology (pathomics) and real-world and multimodality data. RESULTS A total of 90 studies were included in this systematic review, with 80% published in 2021-2022. Among them, 37 studies included genomic, 20 radiomic, 8 pathomic, 20 real-world and 5 multimodal data. Standard machine learning (ML) methods were used in 72% of studies, deep learning (DL) methods in 22%, and both in 6%. The most frequently studied cancer type was NSCLC (36%), followed by melanoma (16%), while 25% included pan-cancer studies. No prospective study design incorporated AI-based methodologies from the outset, rather all implemented AI as post-hoc analysis. Novel biomarkers for ICI in radiomics and pathomics were identified using AI approaches, and molecular biomarkers have expanded past genomics into transcriptomics and epigenomics. Finally, complex algorithms and new types of AI-based markers, such as meta-biomarkers, are emerging by integrating multimodal/multiomics data. CONCLUSION AI based-methods have expanded the horizon for biomarker discovery, demonstrating the power of integrating multimodal data from existing datasets to discover new meta-biomarkers. While most of the included studies showed promise for AI-based prediction of benefit from immunotherapy, none provided high-level evidence for immediate practice change. A priori planned prospective trial designs are needed to cover all lifecycle steps of these software biomarkers, from development and validation to integration into clinical practice.

La rimozione originaria, in tedesco: Urverdrängung, è un concetto che appartiene all'ambi-to delle necessità metapsicologiche, della prima strutturazione e costruzione del sistema menta-le. Fu postulato da Freud (1911, 1915, 1926, 1937) per spiegare retrospettivamente il mecca-nismo della rimozione (rimozione vera e propria) come un movimento di attrazione da parte di qualcosa che è già presente. Contrariamente alla rimozione vera e propria/rimozione seconda-ria, in Tedesco Nachdrängen, la "pietra angolare" del pensiero psicoanalitico, il concetto di rimozione primaria rimane in parte dimenticato, in parte incomprensibile, anche se le sue con-cettualizzazioni sottostanti hanno attirato una crescente attenzione nel corso degli anni. Questo saggio si avvicina a tale ambito indagando la rappresentabilità e l'irrappresentabili-tà, la dinamica: azione – rappresentazione, e la nascita dello psichico a partire dalle esigenze del lavoro. La prima dualità interna e il primo legame sono introdotti nella vita psichica dai proces-si di rimozione originaria, tensione tra attrazione regressiva e formazione-ricostruzione dei processi psichici. Il materiale clinico viene presentato come illustrazione.

Abstract Background Nursing in nursing homes is considered to be one of the most stressful professions. Additional problems during the Covid 19 pandemic were working in long shifts with highly infectious patients, high mortality, insufficient education and shortage of stuff, work under epidemiological measures. Such situation can be extra stressful and affect nurses health. Objectives During 2020-2022 we did quantitative and qualitative study on sources of work stress and professional burnout. Also we did educational training for nurses. The aim of the research and interventions is acquiring skills to cope with stress, communication skills with different personalities through specific workshops and intervision/ supervision work with nurses implementing by experts: a public health specialist, an epidemiologist, a psychiatrist, a social worker and a nurse. The long-term goals are the protection of nurses health and improvement of care for users. Results Quantitative research was conducted on 135 nurses by validated questionnaires in 12 nursing homes in Zagreb. It was found examined sources of stress are directly related to burnout and also a high degree of emotional exhaustion (62,3%). Basic groups of stress sources were lack of superiors suport, communications problems, excessive work load, unrealistic expectations. High degree of professional burnout was 6%. Also basic topics of a qualitative research were defined. Workshops on coping with stress and communication skills, intervision methodology and supervision interventions were held for representatives of nurses from all nursing homes. Interested nurses attended an 8-week mindfulness course. Conclusions Through research and implementation of the intervention it has been shown that there is a great need for interventions in protecting health of staff in nursing homes in crisis situations. Key messages • Employees who provide health and social care need continuous support in the protection of their mental health, as well as additional support interventions in crisis situations. • Preserving the health of health and social workers improves the quality of care within the health and social system.

The aim of this study was to determine urban–rural and regional differences in anthropometric characteristics among adolescents aged 12–14, as well as to present the prevalence of weight status. A total of 534 adolescents aged 12–14 from primary schools across Montenegro participated in this cross-sectional study (283 boys, aged 13.52 ± 0.42, body height 169.43 ± 8.89, body weight 60.54 ± 13.47; 251 girls, aged 13.51 ± 0.40, body height 165.54 ± 6.67, body weight 55.28 ± 9.27). The sample was divided by geographic region in Montenegro into northern, central, and coastal regions, and according to settlement type into urban and rural inhabitants. Anthropometric characteristics were assessed using a battery of seven variables: arm span (AS); body height (BH); body weight (BW); waist circumference (WC); hip circumference (HC); body mass index (BMI); and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). BMI was categorized based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) cut-offs. The results indicate that girls from urban areas exhibited significantly greater body height and lower BMI values compared to their rural counterparts. Similarly, boys from urban areas also demonstrated lower BMI values compared to their rural peers. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in other anthropometric characteristics between these two groups of adolescents. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc analysis, it was found that girls from central areas had significantly greater body height compared to those from northern and coastal areas. Likewise, boys from northern areas showed higher body mass and BMI values compared to those from central areas. Additionally, both boys and girls from central areas had higher values compared to those from coastal areas. Nevertheless, no significant differences were detected in other anthropometric characteristics among adolescents from these regions. This study identified significant differences in anthropometric parameters among participants based on urban–rural status and within regional divisions. However, further research encompassing a larger sub-sample and a broader array of anthropometric variables is needed to draw a more comprehensive conclusion.

Female soccer players performs between 1350-1650 activity changes, along with jumping, accelerating and decelerating. The ability to repeat these actions identically in competition are essential for success in female soccer. Hence, the study aim was to summarize relevant literature on the effects of speed and agility training in female soccer players. Literature identification were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and in multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost and Science Direct). Based on the pre-defined inclusion criteria (year of publication (2003-2022), full-text study published in English, the experimental study that had included healthy and injury-free female soccer players as participant sample) database search have identified 23502 potential studies. In the end, a total of seven full-text studies were included, with a total of 165 female participants. There were a variety of experimental programs, such as resisted, assisted and traditional sprint training, high-speed treadmill, speed and agility trainings, and repeated agility and strength group, along with their comparison with strength training group. Likewise, different types of duration, intensity and frequency were observed and resulted overall speed and agility improvements in female soccer players. Authors can conclude that only with well prepared and organized program, especially in pre-season, female soccer players should be able to improve important and specific factors, in order to achieve desired aim and result in terms of speed and agility.

We provide observational evidence that suggests the presence of a molten silicate layer above the core of Mars, which is overlain by a partially molten layer, indicating that the core of Mars is smaller than previously thought. The detection of deep reflected S waves on Mars inferred a core size of 1,830 ± 40 km (ref. ^ 1 ), requiring light-element contents that are incompatible with experimental petrological constraints. This estimate assumes a compositionally homogeneous Martian mantle, at odds with recent measurements of anomalously slow propagating P waves diffracted along the core–mantle boundary^ 2 . An alternative hypothesis is that Mars’s mantle is heterogeneous as a consequence of an early magma ocean that solidified to form a basal layer enriched in iron and heat-producing elements. Such enrichment results in the formation of a molten silicate layer above the core, overlain by a partially molten layer^ 3 . Here we show that this structure is compatible with all geophysical data, notably (1) deep reflected and diffracted mantle seismic phases, (2) weak shear attenuation at seismic frequency and (3) Mars’s dissipative nature at Phobos tides. The core size in this scenario is 1,650 ± 20 km, implying a density of 6.5 g cm^−3, 5–8% larger than previous seismic estimates, and can be explained by fewer, and less abundant, alloying light elements than previously required, in amounts compatible with experimental and cosmochemical constraints. Finally, the layered mantle structure requires external sources to generate the magnetic signatures recorded in Mars’s crust.

Attack graphs are a tool for analyzing security vulnerabilities that capture different and prospective attacks on a system. As a threat modeling tool, it shows possible paths that an attacker can exploit to achieve a particular goal. However, due to the large number of vulnerabilities that are published on a daily basis, they have the potential to rapidly expand in size. Consequently, this necessitates a significant amount of resources to generate attack graphs. In addition, generating composited attack models for complex systems such as self-adaptive or AI is very difficult due to their nature to continuously change. In this paper, we present a novel fragment-based attack graph generation approach that utilizes information from publicly available information security databases. Furthermore, we also propose a domain-specific language for attack modeling, which we employ in the proposed attack graph generation approach. Finally, we present a demonstrator example showcasing the attack generator's capability to replicate a verified attack chain, as previously confirmed by security experts.

Magnetic nanoparticles can be electrostatically assembled around sperm cells to form biohybrid micro robots. These biohybrid microrobots possess sufficient magnetic material to potentially allow for pulse-echo localization and wireless actuation. Alternatively, magnetic excitation of these nanoparticles can be used for localization based on Faraday's law of induction using a detection coil. Here, we investigate the influence of the electrostatic attraction between positively charged nanoparticles and negatively charged sperm cells on the activation of the nanoparticles during nonlinear differential magnetometry and wireless magnetic actuation. Activation of clusters of free nanoparticles and nanoparticles bound to the body of sperm cells is achieved by a combination of a high- frequency alternating field and a pulsating static field. The nonlinear response in both cases indicates that constraining the nanoparticles is likely to yield significant decreases in the magnetometry sensitivity. While the attachment of particles to the cells enables wireless actuation (rolling locomotion), the rate of change of the magnetization of the nanoparticles decreases one order of magnitude compared to free nanoparticles.