Objectives: To conduct qualitative study with different target groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to explore their views on barriers and drivers for COVID-19 vaccination, and to see if and how barriers and drivers vary between urban and rural locations, and different professional roles. Methods: The theoretical framework underpinning the study is the capability-opportunity-motivation (COM-B) behavior change framework, which has been adapted to monitor vaccine related behavior and attitudes. Data was collected from June to September 2022 through moderated discussions in focus groups. The total of 162 participants participated in 16 focus groups. Results: Among the key barriers to successful immunization identified across target groups were insufficient knowledge about vaccines, pandemic fatigue, concerns about the rapid development of the vaccine and its effectiveness, lack of confidence in the healthcare system. Some of the main drivers of vaccination against COVID-19 were confidence in science and expert recommendations. Conclusion: The COVID-19 immunization policy undergoes continuous changes, as do the pandemic prospects; we encourage further research to track the evolution of vaccine related attitudes, inform immunization policy, and create evidence-based interventions.

As virtual worlds continue to rise in popularity, so do the expectations of users for the content of virtual scenes. Virtual worlds must be large in scope and offer enough freedom of movement to keep the audience occupied at all times. For content creators, it is difficult to keep up by manually producing the surrounding content. Therefore, the application of procedural modelling techniques is required. Virtual worlds often mimic the real world, which is composed of organized and connected outdoor and indoor layouts. It is expected that all content is present on the virtual scene and that a user can navigate streets, enter buildings, and interact with furniture within a single virtual world. While there are many procedural methods for generating different layout types, they mostly focus only on one layout type, whereas complete scene generation is greatly underrepresented. This paper aims to identify the coverage of layout types by different methods because similar issues exist for the generation of content of different layout types. When creating a new method for layout generation, it is important to know if the results of existing methods can be appended to other methods. This paper presents a survey of existing procedural modelling methods, which were organized into five categories based on the core approach: pure subdivision, grammar‐based, data‐driven, optimization, and simulation. Information about the covered layout types, the possibility of user interaction during the generation process, and the input and output shape types of the generated content is provided for each surveyed method. The input and output shape types of the generated content can be useful to identify which methods can continue the generation by using the output of other methods as their input. It was concluded that all surveyed methods work for only a few different layout types simultaneously. Moreover, only 35% of the surveyed methods offer interaction with the user after completing the initial process of space generation. Most existing approaches do not perform transformations of shape types. A significant number of methods use the irregular shape type as input and generate the same shape type as the output, which is sufficient for coverage of all layout types when generating a complete virtual world.

The nucleation kinetics of ice were investigated with four different types of aqueous solutions. The studied aqueous solutions, i.e., sucrose solution, ionic liquid (IL) solution, pyrolysis oil extract (PO) solution, and acetone‐1‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) solution, were concentrated by batch suspension freeze crystallization. The nucleation kinetics were investigated using a temperature response method which results in data on nucleation rate per crystal. The obtained nucleation rate per crystal value can be used when dimensioning continuous crystallization processes: the nucleation rate per crystal is inversely proportional to the residence time in continuous crystallization. The subcooling degrees for different solutions were in the range of 0.33 °C to 1.89 °C. Aqueous sucrose solutions had the fastest nucleation kinetics. Ice crystallization from non‐ideal aqueous [DBNH][OAc] ionic liquid solutions required higher subcooling degrees and the nucleation rates per crystal were higher as well. Nucleation of ice formed from aqueous pyrolysis oil extract and aqueous ABE solutions occurred at a lower subcooling degree and the obtained nucleation rate per crystal values were lower.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) strain analysis has emerged as a noninvasive technique for assessing LA function and early detection of myocardial deformation. Recently, its application has also shown promise in the pediatric population, spanning diverse cardiac conditions that demand accurate and sensitive diagnostic measures. OBJECTIVE: This research article endeavors to explore the role of LA strain parameters and contribute to the growing body of knowledge in pediatric cardiology, paving the way for more effective and tailored approaches to patient care. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather evidence from studies using echocardiographic strain imaging techniques across pediatric populations. RESULTS: LA strain parameters exhibited greater sensitivity than conventional atrial function indicators, with early detection of diastolic dysfunction and LA remodeling in pediatric cardiomyopathy, children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome, rheumatic heart disease, as well as childhood renal insufficiency and obesity offering prognostic relevance as potential markers in these pediatric subpopulations. However, there remains a paucity of evidence concerning pediatric mitral valve pathology, justifying further exploration. CONCLUSION: LA strain analysis carries crucial clinical and prognostic implications in pediatric cardiac conditions, with reliable accuracy and sensitivity to early functional changes.

In teaching mathematics to first-year undergraduates, and thus in the appropriate calculus textbooks, the task of calculating an integral that satisfies a specific first-order or second-order recurrence relation often appears. These relations are obtained mainly by applying the method of integration by parts. Calculating such integrals is usually tedious, especially for an integer n > 2, time-consuming, and presents the possibility of making a large number of errors when computing involves multiple iterative steps. In [1], it is shown that in two cases (Theorems 2.1. and 2.3), the process of calculating integrals satisfying first-order recurrence relations can be performed quickly using easily memorised closed-form formulas for corresponding primitive functions. The question can rightly be asked whether there is a faster way to calculate other integrals of this type. In this paper, our goal is to give an affirmative answer to such a question, though without convering all situations. Since each recurrence relation is equivalent to a difference equation of the same order, the calculation of integrals mentioned above can be reduced to solving the corresponding difference equations. Since every first-order or second-order linear difference equation is solvable, it follows that for every integral which can be reduced to a first- order or second-order recurrence formula, it is possible to find corresponding primitive functions directly. Sometimes such a procedure is much faster than iterative solving of the integral. Closed-form formulas for the integrals discussed in the following sections are not unknown (see [2]). However, here our goal is to present the idea of computing indefinite integrals using difference equations. We will discuss it in more detail in Section 2. In Section 3, we discuss the application of the results obtained to calculate several improper integrals and the application of some of them in different sciences. An exciting example of such an application is the integral , which in the case n = 1 is used in the kinetic theory of gases, particularly in the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of gas molecules by energies (see Remark 4). Also, we compare the formulas obtained by the method of difference equations with the formulas obtained using Wolfram Alpha software (see Remark 5).

An exceptional microsample from the ground layer of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa was analyzed by high-angular resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, revealing a singular mixture of strongly saponified oil with high lead content and a cerussite (PbCO3)-depleted lead white pigment. The most remarkable signature in the sample is the presence of plumbonacrite (Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2), a rare compound that is stable only in an alkaline environment. Leonardo probably endeavored to prepare a thick paint suitable for covering the wooden panel of the Mona Lisa by treating the oil with a high load of lead II oxide, PbO. The review of Leonardo's manuscripts (original and latter translation) to track the mention of PbO gives ambiguous information. Conversely, the analysis of fragments from the Last Supper confirms that not only PbO was part of Leonardo's palette, through the detection of both litharge (α-PbO) and massicot (β-PbO) but also plumbonacrite and shannonite (Pb2OCO3), the latter phase being detected for the first time in a historical painting.

Abstract Quality of Experience (QoE) for mobile Web browsing is a complex and multidimensional concept. So far, the research community has addressed the influence of QoE perceptual dimensions on QoE and the impact of various influence factors on QoE perceptual dimensions for mobile Web browsing. In this study, we recognize the gap and need to analyze and gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between multiple influence factors and specific constructs of QoE perceptual dimensions. Utilizing a previously collected dataset, our goal is to fill the research gap in terms of investigating the impact of specific influence factors (loading time, aesthetics, number of taps, information quality) on various constructs comprising the user perception of usability, aesthetics, and information quality in the context of mobile Web browsing. A total of 14 research questions are raised: 7 addressing constructs comprising perceived usability (simplicity, effectiveness, quickness, efficiency, comfort, ease of use, organization), 3 addressing constructs comprising perceived aesthetics (perception of mobile Web site aesthetics, pleasance, clarity, systematicness), and 4 addressing constructs comprising perceived information quality (timeliness, clarity, conciseness, structuralism/completeness/spelling-correctness). Results of posed research questions provide indications on the strength and direction of the impact of considered QoE influence factors on the perception of studied constructs. This study contributes to the research community by being the first to address the impact of chosen QoE influence factors on individual constructs comprising QoE perceptual dimensions in the domain of mobile Web browsing, thus extending the knowledge on interplays and relations in this area. Furthermore, it contributes by revealing numerous new paradigms in the context of usability, aesthetics, and quality of information, such as: (i) beautiful and easy to reach is more simple, effective, efficient, and comfortable, (ii) easy to reach is more pleasant and clear, (iii) informative is more pleasant and clear, (iv) beautifully presented information has higher perceived quality, etc. Reported findings can be utilized by various stakeholders (mobile Web site designers, content providers, device designers, network providers) for indirect management of QoE.

The demand for renewable resources in building construction is increasing, and wheat straw is an excellent option due to its superior environmental performance compared to traditional insulation materials. However, the hygrothermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation have remained largely unexplored. At the moment, blown-in straw is only blown in vertically, although horizontal blowing would be more efficient depending on the situation. This study investigates the effect of different blowing techniques on the thermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation, focusing on the difference between vertical and horizontal blowing techniques. In-situ-measured thermal conductivities were compared with design values used in energy balances. In addition, the long-term hygrothermal behavior of chopped wheat straw insulation treated with flame retardants was investigated. The methodology included heat flow plate measurements, needle probe measurements and laboratory measurements using the hot plate method. The results show that there is no significant difference in thermal performance between the blowing techniques. The measured thermal conductivities were lower than expected, challenging the current general normative moisture surcharge on the thermal conductivity of natural fiber insulation. The addition of the flame retardant had no noticeable effect on the hygrothermal properties of the chopped straw. Chopped wheat straw can be regarded as a highly ecological insulation material with great potential for the future.

Embedded systems find extensive applications in various aspects of daily life and their presence in the highly connected world of today is growing. With a large number of remote devices and sensors, there is a growing need for remote data processing. Microcontrollers, often integral components of such devices, can enable remote data manipulation through the implementation of a web server called embedded web servers. The implementation of a server on such a system poses challenges, such as limited resources, so it is crucial for the web server implementation to be compatible with the available resources. This paper focuses on the requirements for the implementation of a web server. Also, an embedded web server has been designed for specific application of monitoring air parameters. The implementation utilizes the LwIP stack and allows for remote access to measurement results within a local network. The paper will delve into the operational principles of both the web server and the entire system.

Posmatrajući historiju razvoja maloljetniĉkog prijestupništva, vidljivo je da se ono javlja u svim zemljama bez obzira na društvena ureĊenja. Razlika, meĊutim, postoji u nizu faktora koji opredjeljuju borbu protiv maloljetniĉkog prijestupništva, od kojih je jedan od znaĉajnijih utjecaj pojedinih subjekata maloljetniĉkog pravosuĊa na odabir, trajanje i proces izvršenja reakcije, mjere ili sankcije prema maloljetnom poĉiniocu kriviĉnog djela. Sud kao poseban autoritet ima i veoma znaĉajnu ulogu pri primjeni i izvršenju kriviĉnih sankcija,mnaroĉito kriviĉnih sankcija institucionalnog tretmana. Svojim odlukama mijenja “sudbinu” i tok izvršenja izreĉenih sankcija, a samim tim i samog maloljetnika. Autorice se u ovom radu bave ulogama suda pri izvršenju sankcija institucionalnog tretmana, posebno se osvrćući na meritornu ulogu suda pri izvršenju kriviĉne sankcije - upućivanje u odgojni centar. Izvršenje ove odgojne mjere, prava i duţnosti subjekata u tom procesu te uloge sudija za maloljetnike pri individualizaciji odgojnih mjera maloljetniku, sudska individualizacija, bit će prikazani kroz konkretne primjere, analizirajući pritom studij sluĉaj iz prakse KJU „Odgojni centar Kantona Sarajevo“. Treba se naglasiti da pri sudskoj individualizaciji sankcioniranje ima kao cilj resocijalizaciju maloljetnika, što podrazumijeva multidisciplinarni pristup te adekvatnu primjenu pravnog, pedagoškog, psihološkog i socijalnog pristupa u radu sa maloljetnim prijestupnicima.

Usvajanje Smjernica generalnog sekretara Ujedinjenih nacija o Reparacijama za seksualno nasilje povezano sa sukobima (2014. godine) predstavlja dodatak dotadašnjim normativnim dešavanjima u oblasti rodno osjetljivih reparacija. Uprkos ovom progresivnom normativnom napretku i dalje postoje konceptualne praznine u pravnom i politiĉkom okviru za reparacije koje se bave seksualnim nasiljem povezanim sa sukobima i, shodno tome, tekućim izazovima u sprovođenju rodno osjetljivih reparacija. Izazovi ukljuĉuju isključenje žena iz pravnih lijekova zbog pristrasnosti u stvaranju i sprovođenju režima reparacija.Transformativne reparacije se bave neposrednim reparativnim potrebama lica koja su preživjela seksualne povrede, uz uzimanje u obzir socijalnih i ekonomskih barijera punoj ravnopravnosti žena u mnogim društvima. Te reparacije prevazilaze neposrednost seksualnog nasilja, obuhvatajući jednakost, pravdu i longitudinalne potrebe onih koji su doživjeli seksualne povrede. U tu svrhu predlažu se odgovarajući principi reparacija za seksualno nasilje povezano sa sukobima. Autori u radu poseban naglasak stavljaju na aktuelne probleme zaštite prava na zdravlje i obrazovanje ţrtava seksualnog nasilja u ratu. Takođe, predstavljeni su restitucija, rehabilitacija, reparacija i resocijalizacija žrtava seksualnog nasilja u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini (1992–1995). Pri tome se polazi od činjenice da protek vremena nije zaliječio ratne rane, uključujući dugotrajne psihičke, fizičke, ekonomske i društvene posljedice seksualnog nasilja u ratu za preživjele i njihove porodice. Mnoge žrtve još uvijek pate od traume povezane sa ratnim seksualnim nasiljem, koja ima značajne posljedice i teško se prevazilazi. Većina preţivjelih pati i od posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja povezanog sa razliĉitim psihiĉkim stanjima. U završnom dijelu problematizuju se neka zakonska rješenja ostvarenja reparacije za žrtve seksualnog nasilja u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini, te izlažu konkretni prijedlozi de lege ferenda.

Anksioznost je neizbjeţna u svakodnevnom ţivotu te predstavlja automatski odgovor ĉovjeka na doţivljaj opasnosti. TakoĊer, problemi i simptomi vezani uz anksioznost sastavni su dio sazrijevanja te predstavljaju adaptivne odgovore koji ĉuvaju od opasnih situacija i djeluju motivacijski. Anksioznost postaje problem za osobu onda kada prestane djelovati motivirajuće i zaštitniĉki. Cilj rada je ispitati prisustvo aksioznosti kod uĉenika zavšnih razreda osnovne škole. U radu se pošlo od pretpostavke da je aknsioznost prisutna kod uĉenika završnih razreda u razliĉitim podruĉjima. Uzorak ispitanika ĉinilo je 120 uĉenika završnih razreda osnovne škole na podruĉju Tuzlanskog kantona. Istraţivanje je sprovedeno u februaru 2023. godine. Mjerni instrument korišten u istraţivanju je Skala djeĉje anksioznosti autorice Purić (1992; prema Zaić, 2005) namijenjena je ispitivanju anksioznosti djece školske dobi. Podaci su obraĊeni metodama deskriptivne statistike. Rezultati istraţivanja upućuju na prisustvo anksioznosti na tri podruĉja: ispitnu, socijalnu i opštu aksioznost u razliĉitom intenzitetu. Najveći intenzitet je zabiljeţen u podruĉju ispitne anksioznosti.

Boravak u zatvorskom okruţenju predstavlja specifiĉno iskustvo za većinu pravosnaţno osuĊenih osoba. Iako se svrha kaţnjavanja ogleda u ostvarivanju ciljeva specijalne i generalne prevencije, treba imati u vidu da prilagoĊavanje na posebne uslove ţivota kao što su ograniĉenje slobode kretanja i upravljanja ustaljenim ţivotnim navikama predstavljaju sloţenu novonastalu situaciju koja utiĉe na opšte ali i mentalno zdravlje zatvorenika. Dalje, odlazak jedne osobe na izdrţavanje kazne zatvora, u velikom broju sluĉajeva, direktno utiĉe na brojne aspekte ţivota samog zatvorenika ali i ĉlanova njegove porodice a moţe imati dalekoseţne posljedice i nakon izlaska iz zatvorskih rešetki. Da li zatvor utiĉe na svijest zatvorenika o zdravim ţivotnim navikama i vrijednostima? Kako zatvor utiĉe na sposobnost zatvorenika da promjeni svoje ponašanje? Kakva prava u zatvoru imaju zatvorenici? Da li izlaze kao bolje ili lošije osobe? Da li zatvorske kazne utiĉu na zdravlje porodice i da li proces rehabilitacije kod zatvorenika uspije baš svaki put? Sve su to pitanja koja će biti obraĊena u okviru teme ovog referata.

Rad ukazuje na izazove odrastanja djece u digitalnom vremenu koje nudi brojne pozitivne mogućnosti, ali i opasnosti vezane za njihov zdrav razvoj. Cilj rada je ukazati kako savremeni mediji utiču na vaspitanje i oblikuju razliĉite dimenzije ţivota djece i adolescenata, njihov identitet i odnose s roditeljima i vršnjacima. U radu se kroz teorijsku analizu i rezultate istraţivanja daje odgovor na tri grupe pitanja: Koji su izazovi odrastanja djece u digitalnom vremenu? Kakav je uticaj digitalnih tehnologija na porodicu? Kakav je odnos roditeljstva i digitalnog učenja? Polazeći od toga da su ključni zadaci odrastanja razvoj identiteta, autonomije i intimnosti, odnosno stvaranje prijateljstava i odnosa, sugeriše se potreba analiza uticaja moderne tehnologije na sve navedene aspekte. U radu su saţete spoznaje o tome kako moderni mediji oblikuju razliĉite dimenzije ţivota djece i adolescenata, pritom uvažavajući njihove mogućnosti i prednosti. Digitalni život može podržavati ili ometati razvoj identiteta. Na osnovu teorijske analize i rezultata istraživanja su razmatrani uticaji medija na kvalitet odnosa s vršnjacima, te ukazano i na negativne pojave (internet zavisnost, cyberbullying). Uz odnose su analizirani i drugi konstrakti kako koristiti prednosti koje nude mediji i smanjiti loše vaspitne uticaje, te kako roditelji mogu pomoći djeci da se uspješnije nose sa izazovima digitalnog vremena. Rezultati istraživanja impliciraju važnost obezbjeđivanja podrške roditeljima dok poduzimaju korake prema ostvarenju vizija za svoju djecu u digitalnom vremenu.

We consider the problem of accurate sparse fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), that is, fine-tuning pretrained LLMs on specialized tasks, while inducing sparsity in their weights. On the accuracy side, we observe that standard loss-based fine-tuning may fail to recover accuracy, especially at high sparsities. To address this, we perform a detailed study of distillation-type losses, determining an L2-based distillation approach we term SquareHead which enables accurate recovery even at higher sparsities, across all model types. On the practical efficiency side, we show that sparse LLMs can be executed with speedups by taking advantage of sparsity, for both CPU and GPU runtimes. While the standard approach is to leverage sparsity for computational reduction, we observe that in the case of memory-bound LLMs sparsity can also be leveraged for reducing memory bandwidth. We exhibit end-to-end results showing speedups due to sparsity, while recovering accuracy, on T5 (language translation), Whisper (speech translation), and open GPT-type (MPT for text generation). For MPT text generation, we show for the first time that sparse fine-tuning can reach 75% sparsity without accuracy drops, provide notable end-to-end speedups for both CPU and GPU inference, and highlight that sparsity is also compatible with quantization approaches. Models and software for reproducing our results are provided in Section 6.