Nowadays, farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are facing climate change-related problems almost constantly. Treats such as late frost, extreme temperature or precipitation events, drought, floods and hail are becoming frequent and more devastating.In order to achieve sustainable production and rational use of water resources together with environmental protection and reduction of risk, farmers should use decision-support tools such as the irrigation calendar or chart. Using such calendars can save up to 30% of water while maintaining yields and requiring minimum data or need for developing new skills. In this study, irrigation calendars for orchard production (apple, pear and plum) in Tuzla Canton taking in consideration different soil characteristics were developed. Critical month for the irrigation in Tuzla Canton is July. Average orchard water requirement is around 667 mm, or 146 mm in the critical month. Under normal weather conditions, daily irrigation requirements in July amounts to 2.64 l of water per m2, if conditions are dry or extremely dray then these values should double.

The research aims to determine the phenological characteristics of seven introduced almond cultivars (Ferragnes, Ferraduel, Tuono, Genco, Supernova, Texas, Nonpareil), in Herzegovina, in a private plantation located near the settlement of Gnojnice, Mostar municipality. The area of Herzegovina - Mostar is very favorable for intensive almond cultivation. The phenological observations covered two vegetation years (2017-2018). Phenological observations are considered as sensitive methods for recognizing the plant reactions to climate change. The flowering period is a significant characteristic of almonds because it is important to avoid late frosts that affect the production of almonds with early flowering. Based on the study of the phenological phases of almond flowering, it can be concluded that all introduced almond cultivars belong to the group of medium to late flowering, which shows a satisfactory adaptation to the ecological conditions of Herzegovina. There are significant differences in the time of the beginning of ripening of almond cultivars in 2017 and 2018, which is the result of the agro-ecological conditions. Based on the phenological research that referred to the late flowering, the most promising cultivar for the area of Herzegovina is Supernova, and it can be recommended for wider production. In addition to the late flowering phenophases, Supernova is self-fertile cultivar. In the future, it is necessary to continue and intensively research both the introduction and autochthonous genotypes of almonds in Herzegovina for genetic characteristics and breeding programs.

The aim of this study was agro-pomological evaluation of ‘Clery’ strawberry cultivated in three different growing systems (open field, under low and high tunnel). The experiment was conducted during three seasons (2013-2015) at a commercial orchard in Celic (North eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina). By cultivation system of ‘Clery’ strawberry under high tunnel were achieved better results related to the development of crowns, yield per plant, fruit size, the ratio of marketable fruits and content of soluble solids in the fruit. Obtained results indicate that it is possible to adopt cultivation system in the strawberry culture in order to improve the total and marketable yield as well as fruit quality.

The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is a pest that causes significant damage to tomato production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to previous research, the inadequate application of older generation insecticides in the control of tomato leaf miner has led to a series of harmful consequences, such as increased resistance of the pest, reduction of the natural enemies population and an increase in pesticide residues in the agricultural products and in the environment. The aim of this work was to examine the efficacy of the newer insecticides generation in controlling of tomato leaf miner in greenhouse production in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Testing the efficacy of insecticides was carried out on tomato plants (Matias hybrid) in greenhouses in the localities of Višići, Gabela and Klepci. The effectiveness was tested on the following variants of insecticides: Indoxacarb, Emamectin benzoate, Methoxyfenozide, Lufenuron, Chlorantraniliprole, Azadirachtin, Spinosad and the combination of Abamectin + Lufenuron. Based on the number of live larvae in the mines, according to Abbott, the efficiency values of the applied insecticide variants were calculated. The combination of insecticides based on the active substances Abamectin and Lufenuron showed the highest percentage of efficiency (53.52%). The insecticide based on the active substance Spinosad showed the lowest percentage of efficiency. Lower efficiency values of the majority tested insecticides are probably a consequence of their specific mechanism of action, physical-chemical properties and environmental conditions in which they were applied.

Metabolism in high yield dairy cows considering their genetic predisposition for high milk production from one side and reproductive demands from other is very strained and constantly exposed to changes, which as consequence may have disorders in function of different organ systems, including reproductive system. Minerals play important role in keeping of reproductive potential, as well as maintanence of healthy genital organs in domestic animals. Research had been conducted with 46 Holstein cows in dry period from two farms, 20 cows in farm „A“ and 26 cows in farm „B“. Blood is spectometrically analysed for levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (p) and Magnesium (Mg). Obtained average values of Ca, P and Mg in blood were mostly within physiological range, but significant differences could be found among three categories of cows within same or different farms. Higher values of Ca, P and Mg had been found in cows with shorter open days period. 

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of sheep from the area of Livanjsko Polje and Mount Vlasic. A total of 117 sheep of the breed pramenka were included in the research. The sheep were divided into groups according to the sampling area through different periods (July, August, and September). Using an automatic analyzer (Kodak Ektachem analyzer DT 60 II, DTSC Module, and DTE Module), the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in the serum of sheep. In the area of Livanjsko Polje, the highest established value of cholesterol in sheep serum was in the second sampling period, with statistical significance compared to the other two sampling periods. Cholesterol values in the Vlasic Mountain area were within the physiological range. The highest established triglyceride concentration in the area of Livanjsko Polje was also the second sampling period, with statistical significance (p <0.05) compared to other sampling periods, as well as the same period from the Travnik area. The results of triglycerides in the blood serum of sheep from the Vlasic mountain area show a tendency to decrease in the third sampling period, at the end of the lactation period. These results may be due to the effects of various factors, such as age, gender, health, lactation status, and sheep breed.

The technology and quality of indigenous Lider goat cheese are examined in this research. It is a hard, full-fat cheese produced from pasteurized goat's milk. Goat's milk is obtained from goats that are raised in the mountainous area of Nikšić, Montenegro. The aim of the work is to present the Lider goat cheese technology as well as to examine the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of this cheese. Cheese samples were tested after ripening for 21 days (three weeks). The average chemical composition of the cheese was (g/100 g): dry matter 61.85; fat 30.17; proteins 27.59; salt 3.96 and lactic acid 0.185. The average content of fat on dry basis (FDM), moisture on fat-free basis (MFFB) and salt in moisture (S/M) were 48.94%, 54.42% and 10.89%. Average pH was 5.25, water activity 0.895, while hardness and adhesiveness were 13.844N and -0.213N. The average rind thickness of 2.57 mm was established, while the average cross-sectional height and cross-sectional area of the cheese were 33.33 mm and 9.57 cm2/100g. The average density of the cheese was 1.338 g/ml. The total sensory evaluation averaged 17.34, which places this cheese in the high first class. One-way analysis of variance (p<0.05) revealed that there is a statistically significant influence of the production day on all physico-chemical and sensory parameters of the cheese, except for the external appearance and color. 

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important plant viruses because of its negative impact on agriculture production. This widespread pathogen has a very wide range of hosts, and it infects more than 1300 plant species, including crops, vegetables, ornamentals and weeds. According to the literature, it has been experimentally confirmed that cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by the seeds of the following plant species: Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Lycopersicon esculentum, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita melo, Cucurbita moshata, Echynocistis lobata, Lupinus angustifolus, Spergula arvensis, Vinga unguiculata, Stellaria media, Lamium purpureum, Cerastium holostioides, Senecio vulgaris and Portulaca oleracea. In this study, the possibility of CMV transmission by seeds of naturally infected Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine) plants was investigated.Investigation in naturally infected plants greater celandine was performed by DAS-ELISA test and RT-PCR. The virus was detected in plants grown from infected seeds by biological methods and DAS-ELISA test. The results of experimental research has shown that the cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by the greater celandine seeds. This is the first data concerning CMV transmission by Chelidonium majus L. seeds.

Invasive species represent a serious ecological problem of today, and due to the modest needs for environmental conditions and the abundant production of nectar and pollen, they are an important factor endangering the indigenous honey flora. Given that there are 100 honey plants in Europe that are the basis for the production of monofloral species of honey, it is of special interest to preserve the diversity of the indigenous apiflora of Bosnia and Herzegovina.For the purposes of this research, 100 melissopalynological profiles of honey from different botanical and ecological regions were analyzed. The analysis of palynological profiles of the collected samples determined the presence and based on micromorphological elements, invasive species were identified in the honey we consume.

During the 21st century, lepidopterological research on the Prenj mountain was performed on several occasions. The first such research by S. Lelo and M. Kašić-Lelo in 2007 resulted in the discovery of a small number of species (33), so the graduates of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, J. Karačić and S. Sućeska, did more thorough research (graduate thesis) at several sites during the vegetation season in 2011, which resulted in significantly better results (85 identified species). At the same time, it was agreed that A. Abaza and D. Žujo Zekić would conduct even more detailed research only at the Rujište site (during which 73 species were noticed). Based on earlier data from the 20th century, 89 species were noticed and described on Mount Prenj, while 113 species were noticed in research in the 21st century. According to recent data, the total number of species found so far on the Prenj mountain is 127. A significantly higher number of noticed species in the 21st century is the result of targeted and systematic research, during which a very small number of expected species were absent.

In populations of wild pigeons (Columba domestica Linnaeus, 1758), the cause of various phenotypic variations is the eumelanin pigmentation of feathers. Analysis of photographs taken in 2023 and 2024 at several locations (11) revealed (according to K. Seung-Gu et al. who defined four phenotypic variants) the presence of three phenotypic variants: darkly pigmented feathers on the entire surface of the body; intensely light wings, (so-called pigeon grey), with two always present dark stripes on the back (phenotype 2), other, darkly pigmented feathers on the whole body; light wings covered with dark spots or spots, with two dark stripes present, almost invisible (phenotype 3) and a third variant, with extremely dark feathers on the body and wings so that the wing patterns are not visible (phenotype 4). The variant with dark pigment of feathers on the body, very light wings (pigeon gray) without stripes (or possibly once) was not noted (phenotype 1). By applying basic statistical patterns according to: Petz, 1964, i.e. Lelo & Lukić-Bilela, 2012, average values (2.2-3.4) and standard error values (0.11-0.19) and coefficient variability (21-32). Based on the results of recalculated relative values, variant phenotype 2 is the most represented (57.78%), followed by variant phenotype 3 (22.22%) and variant phenotype 4 (20.00%).

During field research in the period from 2017-2022. in the broader area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, new data on the distribution of alien (non-native, neophyte) plant species were established. This work, concerns new findings on the distribution of following alien plant species: Datura wrightii Regel, Mirabilis jalapa L., i Potentilla indica (Jacks.) Th. Wolf. i Rudbeckia triloba L.. 

The paper presents a check list and distribution of species belonging to the genus Ceratina in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period 2018-2023. Data on the diversity and distribution of Ceratina species have not been previously published. In addition to the field-collected material, specimens of Ceratina species stored in the collection of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina were included in the species overview. A total of six species belonging to the genus Ceratina were recorded, representing 23% of the European fauna and 55% of the Ceratina species fauna in the Western Balkan Peninsula region. The distribution of species was analyzed based on their occurrence in relation to the biogeographical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with most findings in the Mediterranean region, 50% of occurrences. All six identified species from Bosnia and Herzegovina are represented in the Mediterranean region.

Traditional dishes of Bosnia and Herzegovina represent a wealth of flavors and culture shaped over centuries by the historical and social influences of various conquerors. These dishes reflect a blend of Ottoman, Mediterranean, Austro-Hungarian and Balkan cuisines, where locally sourced ingredients have been transformed into diverse and recognizable dishes. Each region in Bosnia and Herzegovina boasts its specific culinary traditions. In eastern Herzegovina, cuisine is known for dishes like japrak and cicvara, while Prijedor and Banja Luka are famous for banjalučki ćevap and pita. Sarajevo offers iconic dishes such as sarajevski ćevap and begova čorba. The Krajina region is renowned for kljukuša and other varieties of pita, Zenica and Žepče areas preserve authentic recipes that combine simplicity with rich flavors. Materials for the study include books, journals, academic theses, video materials, websites and live communication (interviews and conversations). Descriptive and analytical methods were used to document and analyze culinary customs. The descriptive method explains traditional dishes' ingredients, preparation methods, and cultural significance. The analytical method focused on comparing and contrasting these customs across different regions. The research revealed significant dish differences regarding preparation methods, names and habits across the country. Preserving these customs is essential for maintaining cultural identity and heritage. Efforts to document and promote these culinary traditions can help and maintain the cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina for future generations. The research has been conducted in the frame of the subject „Culture of eating in Bosnia and Herzegovina“.  The aim was to collect and preserve traditional dishes of Bosnia and Herzegovina highlighting regional differences between Mediterranean-influenced Herzegovina and Central European-inspired northern and central Bosnia.  

A genome-wide association study on resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus V. inaequalis was conducted on traditional Bosnian-Herzegovinian apple cultivars. Since the software for conducting GWAS, PLINK ver. 1.9, is adapted to work with diploids, it was necessary to identify and remove triploid varieties beforehand. Triploid identification was performed using axiomFP.py ver. 1.2 software, revealing that 20% of the examined collection were triploids. Based on the ploidy analysis, leaf samples from 35 diploid varieties were collected from the ex situ collection in Goražde (Bosnia and Herzegovina) for further research. The disease intensity was then determined by classifying the leaves into six categories (1-6) using the SAD. By calculating McKinney's disease index, a variation was observed, ranging from 27.2% ('Senabija') to 61.1% ('Crvenka'), indicating differences in variety resistance. After isolating and reisolating the pathogen and examining its morphological characteristics, V. inaequalis was identified, and its presence in the mentioned orchard was confirmed. GWAS revealed strong signals on chromosomes 04, 05, and 16 for resistance to this pathogen, using high- resolution SNP markers. This study offers insights into the genetic basis of resistance in traditional apple germplasm from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the phytopathogenic fungus V. inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, highlighting the need for further research to develop varieties that are more resistant to this pathogen.