Introduction: clinical examination and surgical procedures require the knowledge of anatomical peculiarities of a complex area such as neck, especially if the anomalies in develoment of vascular system may occur. Aim: to investigate the mutual relation of the initial parts of the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery, as well as the height of crossing of these blood vessels. Patients and methods: we evaluated 50 patients referred to diagnostic center of the PZU „Medicom“ Zenica, by using of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck. Results: External carotid artery is placed medially and goes to the frontal side of the internal carotid artery in 90% cases. In 7% of cases the right internal carotid artery is placed laterall from the internal carotid artery. Divergent position, where the internal carotid artery (medially) and the external carotid artery go away from each other, was found in 1% of cases. We also found that the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery cross approximately 3.04 cm above the bifurcation (at right 3.05 cm and at left 3.12 cm) and the height of the crossing varies from 1.3 cm to 4.2 cm (at right 1.3 cm to 4.2 cm, and at left 1.5 cm to 4.1 cm). The height of crossing is symmetric in 18% of cases. Reversal of the position of the external and internal carotid arteries was found in 7% cases. Conclusion: The possibility of an inversed disposition of the internal and external carotid arteries must be held in mind when performing arterial ligatures in the carotid triangle, to avoid damage to the internal carotid artery or haemorrhagic accidents.

Introduction Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) denotes diseases of the muscles and the mandibular joint, muscular and skeletal diseases, and frequently also parts of systemic diseases of a generalized fibromy-algia, or a form of rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, fear, tension and stressful situations contribute to the overall condition of the masticatory system. (1) Some authors believe that TMD includes pathological diseases primarily affecting the function of muscles and the mandibular muscle, with a possible alteration to the tooth surface. (2) After a cause has crossed the level of individual physiological tolerance of the masticatory system, the system itself starts to respond with certain signs of change. Changes usually happen on the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), supportive tooth structures, and the teeth themselves. (3) The most frequent symptoms of TMD are found in the area of the temporomandibular joint, a sensation of fatigue in the jaw area, a sensation of stiffness of the jaw upon waking up or when opening the mouth, luxation or locking of the mandible when opening the mouth, pain when opening the mouth, and pain in the region of the temporomandibular joint or in the area of the masticatory muscles (cheeks). The most frequent signs of TMD include restricted mandibular movement , lower TMJ function, painful mandibular movement , muscle pain, and pain in the TMJ. (4) TMD causes are complex and multi-factori-al. Numerous factors may lead to TMD. The influence of psychosocial stressors, parafunctions and other psychological and behavioral processes onT-MD pain has been examined in a number of studies. For example, war-related stress has been linked to TMD (5), and stressors as mild as performing mental arithmetic and solving five-letter anagrams can also increase masticatory muscle activity thought to be associated with TMD. (6, 7) Similar relationships between stress and TMD have been reported in children, adolescents and adults. (8, 9, 10) The American Psychiatric Association (11) defines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a form of pathological response to stress, in which the patient, through intrusive thoughts and dreams, regularly experiences the trauma suffered, and is consequently placed in a state of permanent increased tension. As a result of increased motor activity and the neu-rotransmitter disruptions which accompany PTSD, particularly with regard to noradrenalin, serotonin, endogenic opiates, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (12, 13, 14), marked manifestations of symptoms and signs of TMD can be expected. (5)

This paper describes a probabilistic mechanism for the interpretation of sentence sequences developed for a spoken dialogue system mounted on a robotic agent. The mechanism receives as input a sequence of sentences, and produces an interpretation which integrates the interpretations of individual sentences. For our evaluation, we collected a corpus of hypothetical requests to a robot. Our mechanism exhibits good performance for sentence pairs, but requires further improvements for sentence sequences.