Introduction. When considering revascularization modalities, for patients with stable presentation, with appropriate coronary anatomy suitable for both PCI and CABG and low predicted surgical mortality, the recommendations are specifically focused on patients with main stem stenosis. In these cases, patients should be individually assessed according to the complexity of the anatomical disease, as determined by the anatomical SYNTAX score. In the last few years, the results of four randomized studies have been published comparing PCI with newer-generation DES and CABG in patients with left-main stenosis. The latest 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes recommend CABG over PCI when the anatomical SYNTAX score exceeds 22, as indicated by recent trials. The aim of this study was to examine whether the indications for CABG or PCI, as determined by the well-informed intuitive judgment of PCI operators in everyday clinical practice, align with the treatment recommendations outlined in the recently published ESC guidelines. Methods. Between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, patients were recruited from the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, utilizing the hospital information system. The study included consecutive patients diagnosed with significant unprotected left main coronary artery disease (≥50% diameter stenosis) confirmed through angiography, who did not exhibit major hemodynamic instability and received PCI at our facility. Patients were divided into two groups, based on the anatomical SYNTAX score i.e. those with SYNTAX ≤ 22 and those with SYNTAX > 22. Results. Following inclusion criteria, a total number of 38 patients were included in the analysis. The included patients had either previously diagnosed coronary artery disease or a high suspicion of coronary artery disease. The majority of the participants were male, with an average age of 65.6 years, with the youngest participant being 31 years old and the oldest 83 years old. A large majority of both sexes suffered from arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Participants in whom SYNTAX score was ≤ 22 were younger (p=0.049) and had less complex coronary artery disease i.e. fewer MEDINA 1,1,1 (p< 0.001) with less stents implanted (p=0.040). Over the course of one year of follow-up, three patients passed away, two of whom had a SYNTAX score exceeding 22. Additionally, two patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusion. The present study demonstrates that an intuitive decision-making process by experienced interventional cardiologists for choosing the optimal myocardial revascularization method for the individual patient with left main stenosis led to a discordance of the definitely chosen methods vs. the recommended method based on the SYNTAX score and ESC guidelines. This discordance between the recommended and the finally performed revascularization strategy led to a higher shortterm mortality.

Cryptogenic stroke is an ischemic stroke of unknown cause after a comprehensive diagnostic workup and accounts for a significant percentage of all strokes. This paper presents the case of a 37-year-old female patient with recurrent ischemic strokes, in whom a patent foramen ovale (PFO) was diagnosed and subsequently closed via catheter-based intervention. Despite this therapeutic procedure, further recurrences occurred. During electrophysiological evaluation and ablation of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, paroxysms of atrial fibrillation were detected, leading to the initiation of anticoagulant therapy. During follow-up, the patient remained free of symptomatic recurrences. This case highlights the importance of prolonged monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic strokes, which can significantly influence therapeutic strategies and recurrence prevention.

Acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI) is a disease of the elderly, rarely of people younger than 40 years, predominantly men with comorbidities. The incidence of STEMI infarction in the general population in women younger than 40 years is very low. This paper presents the case of a young woman who was admitted with a diagnosis of STEMI infarction, which was understood as SCAD after coronary angiography. Repeated invasive diagnostics with intracoronary imaging determined that it was a classic infarction with plaque rupture/erosion and a large intraluminal thrombotic mass that partially embolized with occlusion of the apical part of the anterior descending artery (LAD). She was treated during hospitalization with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) using a potent P2Y12 inhibitor and low molecular weight heparin, high dose of statins. Control coronary angiography revealed insignificant narrowing of the distal part of the main trunk of the left coronary artery (LM) and the proximal segment of the LAD with almost complete resolution of the thrombus. DAPT treatment was continued without stent implantation.

Background. Patent foramen ovales are very common in the population. Thrombus entrapped in a patent foramen ovale is very rare and can cause paradoxical embolism with a high mortality rate. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with a massive pulmonary embolism and a huge thrombus stuck over the interatrial septum. Case presentation. An 83-year-old female patient was admitted to our Coronary care unit with the diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism confirmed by contrast-enhanced chest CT scan. At admission, the patient complained of chest pain and shortness of breath for the last 24 hours. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed the presence of a thrombus entrapped in a patent foramen ovale and floating in both atria. Transesophageal echocardiography was done as well to confirm the diagnosis. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed by duplex ultrasonography. After discussing the risks and benefits of surgical versus medical treatment, the patient was treated with unfractionated heparin during hospitalization and rivaroxaban on discharge. Seven days later, follow-up TTE showed no clot in the heart. Conclusion. Although rare, the thrombus stuck in patent foramen ovale presents a clinical emergency so early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory.

The focus of this monograph is on the profound changes brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the transition to the post-digital era, in which digital technologies, automation, and innovations shape industries, institutions, and everyday life. Digital transformation enables small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and startups to achieve a more level playing field compared to global corporations, creating conditions for the development of dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystems. Startups, defined as temporary organizations designed to find a scalable, repeatable business model, are key drivers of economic development. The monograph focuses on digital entrepreneurship, business model innovation, open innovation, entrepreneurial finance, entrepreneurial marketing, the digitization of processes and global value chains, and the sustainable growth and development of post-startup ventures within contemporary ecosystems. Special attention is given to the circular economy as a key approach to reducing negative environmental impacts and transitioning from the linear “take–make–dispose” model to sustainable business models based on reuse, recycling, and repair. In this context, the growing importance of ESG principles is emphasized, as they integrate environmental, social, and governance dimensions into business strategies and contribute to long-term value and corporate reputation. The monograph addresses the critical question of the benefits that growing enterprises can achieve by adopting ESG principles, as well as how innovative business models create value for all stakeholders. Managing the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises, digital entrepreneurship, growth strategies, and entrepreneurial management represents a thematic continuation and qualitative enhancement of the author’s previous editions. Finally, the monograph highlights the importance of continuously building entrepreneurial culture and innovative ecosystems as prerequisites for societal prosperity and for motivating new generations of entrepreneurs, researchers, and creators.

Southeast European transition economies continue to struggle with turning innovative ideas into sustainable commercial successes. This paper examines the factors that drive effective and lasting Technology Transfer (TT) within emerging open innovation ecosystems in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Albania. Unlike earlier studies that focus on a single country or rely on limited methods, this research adopts a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, combining a two-round Delphi study, focus groups, a needs analysis, and a survey of 100 companies.Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) on data collected from companies and research institutions, the study demonstrates that robust Intellectual Property Protection (IPP) exerts a significant and direct influence on enhancing technology transfer. In contrast, innovation capabilities alone do not significantly affect transfer outcomes. Instead, network dynamics strengthen these capabilities, which in turn support technology transfer — but only when embedded within solid institutional frameworks. These findings challenge the common assumption that innovation capabilities are sufficient for successful technology commercialization. They emphasize the critical importance of institutional quality and cooperation networks in transitional economies. At the theoretical level, the study integrates resource-based, institutional, and open innovation perspectives to address the “innovation-implementation” gap. Practically, it highlights key policy priorities: strengthening IPP enforcement, establishing specialized IPP courts, and fostering partnerships between universities and industry, as well as within innovation clusters. For companies and universities, developing absorptive capacity and engaging in cross-border collaborations are essential for maximizing the benefits of external knowledge. While limited by its regional focus and cross-sectional design, this research offers a nuanced framework for sustainable technology transfer in Southeast Europe and underscores the need for further comparative and longitudinal studies to deepen our understanding of this phenomenon.

Background: The expansive advancement of technology has prompted scholars to investigate the links between external factors that influence the success of technology-based entrepreneurs, with particular emphasis on the link between national culture and technological entrepreneurial orientation. Purpose: This paper examines the relationship between national culture and technological entrepreneurial orientation during the early stages of entrepreneurial activity, utilizing Hofstede's national culture dimensions as a theoretical framework. Study design/methodology/approach: The empirical analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression, based on data obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database. The sample comprises 8,000 participants from Southeastern Europe. Findings/conclusions: The research findings indicate a statistically significant relationship between national culture and technological entrepreneurial orientation. A similar standard of living, associated with a lower index of power distance, is positively linked to technological entrepreneurial orientation, whereas the perception of entrepreneurship as a desirable professional career, typical of an individualistic society, is statistically significant but negatively associated with technological entrepreneurial orientation. A lower index of Power distance encourages innovativeness and efficiency in entrepreneurial ventures within high-tech sectors; conversely, Individualistic societies lead to a greater prevalence of enterprises in low-tech sectors. Limitations/future research: A group of drivers of technological entrepreneurial orientation was examined. We recommend that future research, in addition to national culture, also considers other factors, such as individual or sociodemographic factors.

Constant development of protective materials and armored systems requires continuous improvements in the field of anti-tank ammunition development. One of the most commonly used anti-tank explosive ordnance are shaped charge projectiles/warheads. Serbia has been globally recognized for decades in the production of high-quality hand-held rocket launchers equipped with various calibers of shaped charge ammunition. One of the most famous representatives is the 64 mm hand-held rocket launcher, better known as "Zolja". Although it has been in use for decades and it has insufficient capabilities against more modern protection systems, retaining the traditional design and long-established production technologies, along with the use of more potent and modern explosives, could significantly enhance its penetration power. This paper uses analytical calculation and numerical simulation to analyze how different explosive materials affect the velocity of shaped charge jet of 64 mm M80 warhead, which ultimately directly impacts its penetration capabilities.

Background: The oncogenic potential of HPV remains a major global public health challenge and various natural therapeutics are being investigated to prevent cancer. The natural components of the Alchemilla vulgaris plant have various anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer effects. Objective: Therefore, the aim of this study was to bioinformatically examine the potential inhibitory effect of A. vulgaris compounds on the HPV target protein. Methods: The structures of quercetin, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, caffeic and gallic acid were taken from the PubChem database, and the protein structure of the target HPV 16 E6 oncoprotein (PDB ID: 4XR8) from the Protein Data Bank. Virtual screening and docking analysis were performed in AutoDock Vina. Protein-ligand complexes were visualized using Discovery Studio. The molecular dynamics simulation of 4XR8 in complex with quercetin was performed using Desmond. Results: Docking analysis showed that quercetin has the strongest binding affinity with 4XR8 (quercetin -8.9 kcal/mol, apigenin -8.7 kcal/mol, luteolin -8.7 kcal/mol, catechin -8.4 kcal/mol, caffeic acid -7.3 kcal/mol, gallic acid -6.8 kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation results reinforce the stability and strong binding affinity of quercetin within the HPV 16 E6 oncoprotein. Conclusion: Natural components of Alchemilla vulgaris, especially quercetin, have shown promising potential for the treatment of HPV infection and additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed for their further research.

Accurate estimation of wheat yield is essential for ensuring food security, especially given wheat’s role in providing around 20 % of global calories and protein. Traditional yield estimation often relies on manual counting of wheat ears, a method that is labour-intensive, time-consuming, and impractical for large-scale production. To address these limitations, modern agriculture is increasingly turning to advanced technologies such as remote sensing, drones, and machine learning, which enable more efficient and precise monitoring of crop growth and yield potential.In this context, the present study introduces an automated ear-counting approach that applies machine learning to high-resolution images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Drone imagery was collected during the late growth stage from 15 wheat fields in Bosnia and Herzegovina and processed at a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels. Images were manually annotated to mark regions containing wheat ears, resulting in a curated dataset of 556 high-resolution images. For detection, state-of-the-art models including Faster R-CNN, YOLOv8, and RT-DETR were used. While lower-quality images slightly reduced detection accuracy, overall model performance remained strong. This research demonstrates the value of combining UAV-based imaging with machine learning to modernise agricultural practices, offering an efficient, scalable solution for yield prediction and supporting greater sustainability and competitiveness in wheat production.

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