Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are worldwide opportunist pathogens which can infect both humans and animals. Infections with these mycobacteria can have various clinical manifestations and may cause allergic sensitisation of the infected animals. Besides the potential zoonotic risk these infections in cattle can interfere with intradermal tuberculin test and hamper the in vivo diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis resulting in significant economic losses due to unnecessary restrictions and culling of reactor animals. Here we describe a case of Mycobacterium terrae infection in a cow on a small dairy household in Central Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the identification of the disease and causative agent comparative tuberculin skin test (TST), pathomorphology, microbiology and molecular methods were applied. At necropsy of a cow that was positive on annual routine tuberculin skin testing, severe multifocal granulomatous dermatitis and paniculitis were observed. Furthermore, moderate granulomatous (parasitic) colitis was also noted. Histopathology revealed granulomatous dermatitis. Ziehl-Neelsen staining was negative for acid fast bacteria. Regional and thoracic lymph nodes, and skin lesions were submitted for microbiology examinations. Isolated bacteria were identified by molecular methods as Mycobacterium terrae. Our findings confirms the difficulties that non- tuberculous mycobacteria can cause in the in vivo diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, especially in conjunction with parasitic infestations.

Actinobacillosis is a sporadic, inflammatory disease of the soft tissue in cattle, sheep, goats (Swarbrick 1967, Fubini and Campbell 1983, Muhammad and others 2006, Radostits 2007) and other species (Dibb and others 1981, Carmalt and others 1999, Kennerman and others 2006). The causative organism, Actinobacillus lignieresii , is part of the oral flora (Rycroft and Garside 2000, Quinn 2002) and invades mucosal surfaces following trauma caused by abrasive ingesta or the action of the teeth during mastication (Radostits 2007). In cattle, the disease typically involves the formation of pyogranulomas in the oral cavity, tongue or fore-stomachs with subsequent spread to regional lymph nodes (Hebeler and others 1961, Mortimer 1962, Rycroft and Garside 2000), although the skin of the head, neck and, occasionally, the limbs can also be affected. An unusual presentation of the disease is reported here where extensive distal limb involvement resulted in severe lameness in 20 of 130 animals on a beef fattening unit. The cases occurred in a group of one- to two-year-old Aberdeen Angus crossbred cattle over an 11-month period from when the animals were housed in October 2009 until the following August 2010. Affected animals were housed in groups of 30 to a pen in slatted units at a stocking density of 1 animal/2 metre2. The cases presented clinically as focally extensive unilateral firm swellings distal to the elbow/stifle regions of the fore and hind limbs, resulting in significant …

Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease of a zoonotic character that occurs in cattle and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. In this paper, bovine tuberculosis caused by M. caprae in six small household herds in Bosnia and Herzegovina was described. For the identifi cation of the disease and determination of the causative agent comparative tuberculin skin test (TST), pathomorphology, microbiology and molecular methods were applied. Twenty-eight cows from fi ve households from the Livno region (25/28 animals) and one household from the Vitez region (3/28 animals) were euthanized after being found positive by the comparative TST test. Eleven animals from fi ve households from the Livno region (9/11 animals) and one household from the Vitez region (2/11 animals) were subject to fi eld necropsy, and lesions consistent with tuberculosis were observed on the lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity and lungs in all carcasses. Histopathologic examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining confi rmed the presence of specifi c granulomatous lesions, while Ziehl- Neelsen staining demonstrated the presence of very few acid fast bacteria. Mediastinal lymph nodes from seven necropsied animals (two animals from the Vitez region and fi ve animals from fi ve fl ocks from the Livno region) were submitted for bacteriology. Acid fast bacteria from fi ve out of the seven submitted samples from one animal from the Vitez region and four animals from four households from the Livno region were isolated. All isolates were identifi ed as M. caprae. By MIRU typing we found two different M. caprae genotypes, unique to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our fi ndings represent the fi rst evidence of bovine tuberculosis caused by M. caprae in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

A case of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocelular carcinoma was diagnosed in a 9 year old male Rottweiler. Clinical examination pointed out possible neoplastic changes in the liver. By histopathological examination of liver tissue an extremly rare case of combined primary canine liver carcinoma, histologicaly composed of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular components, was diagnosed. This primary hepatic tumor is extremely rare in dogs. Key words: canine, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma

The aim of the present study was to investigate the histopathological changes on the organs of the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) inflicted by per oral cadmium and zinc poisoning in the 46- week experimental period. The fish were kept in well-oxygenated freshwater basins which were purposely set for the experiment. During the investigation, we set up two experimental basins along with the control one. We put 30 specimens of one-year-old brown trout of the average weight of 15 grams in each basin. According to Venugopal, peroral toxic doses for fish can not be determined precisely. Accurate lethal doses (LD50 and LD) can only be established for a number of laboratory animals. However, it is possible to calculate the approximate toxic doses for fish from peroral lethal doses for rats. The calculated values for cadmium chloride are 4,4 mg/kg and 11 mg/kg for zinc sulphate, respectively. In the experimental stage we soaked the fish food in solutions made in conformity with the aforementioned values of cadmium chloride and zink sulphate. As a result, the fish consumed the aforementioned toxic doses in the experimental stage, considering that the feeding regimen included the food ration of 2% body weight/day.

This paper describes the occurence of listeriosis in silage fed domestic sheep of the Pramenka type. The aim was to investigate causes of death of animals with previously manifested nervous signs. According to the Law on Veterinary Medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the brain of sheep showing nervous signs of illness must be examined with suspicion on Listeria monocytogenes infection. The disesase occured in  the region of Eastern Bosnia in February, 2009. The sheep affected were adult, gravid females. All sheep affected by disease shared similar clinical signs: dyspnea, increased heart rate, circling, staggering, torticollis and inappetence. No abortions of gravid sheep were noted. All simptoms were lasting for 3 to 4 days with lethal outcome and mortality of 5%. The administration of procaine benzylpenicillin showed no results. The necropsy of death sheep revealed encephalitis. Histopathologically, multifocal microabscesses containing mainly degenerated and viable neutrophils, perivascular accummulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells with some macrophages and neutrophils, and multifocal fibrinous microthrombi in the lumina of the blood vessels were observed in the brain tissue. Also, neuronal degeneration and small microglial accummulation were noted. Microbiologically, Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from the brain tissue. Key words: Listeria monocytogenes, encephalitis, microabscess, sheep, silage

The aim of the present study was to investigate the histopathological changes on the kidneys of the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. Fario) inflicted by per os lead poisoning in the 46-week experimental period. The fish were kept in well-oxygenated freshwater basins. Approximately calculated toxic doses of lead-acetate for fish were 550 mg/kg. Following the experimental period, fish organs, in particular kidneys, were examined by light microscopy. Only fish with lesions observed in kidneys were further examined by electron microscopy. An accumulation of proteinaceous material in the glomeruli of the kidneys, and thickening of the basal membrane were observed histopathologically. This proteinaceous material was also observed in the lumina of the kidney tubules. Electron microscopic examination completely supported this finding. Furthermore, to the authors' previous knowledge, undocumented damage of the brush borders of the proximal kidney tubules was also observed.