Antibiotics are widely used and inaccurate or inappropriate prescription of antibiotics causes a significant increase in the prevalence of multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections among children. This research aimed to study antibiotic prescriptions in hospitalised paediatric patients and to determine the prevalence of inappropriate antimicrobial use and the main types of prescribing errors.

Objective: Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug, also used to treat bipolar disorders, may be protective against excitotoxic insult. The aim of the study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of lamotrigine against the glutamate excitotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell line. Materials and Methods: SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were pre-treated with lamotrigine (50-100-150 μM) prior to exposure to 15 mM glutamate. The 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol – 2-yl)-2,5 – diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to determine cell viability. The anti-oxidant effect of lamotrigine and the role of inflammatory parameters were determined by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Results: Intracellular calcium levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity increased in glutamate exposed cells. Pre-treatment of cells with MK-801 showed no protective features against glutamate excitotoxicity. Treatment with 100 μM lamotrigine was effective in increasing the viability of glutamate exposed cells and in reducing H2O2 increase in these cells. The SOD activity increased by lamotrigine treated cells exposed to glutamate. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels increased after induction with glutamate and attenuated by lamotrigine. Conclusion: Overall, our results confirmed the critical role of inflammation and oxidative stress in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and lamotrigine may exert a protective effect. Keywords: Lamotrigine, Glutamate excitotoxicity,

Abstract The purpose of our study was to describe the morphology and bacteriology of the sinus interdigitalis of the European roebuck (Capreolus capreolus L.). This organ is a deep skin invagination positioned between the digits in many Artiodactyla species. It is located between the proximal phalanges of the hind feet, while absent on the fore feet, having structure which is roughly similar to the sinuses of other Artiodactyla species. The anatomical position of the sinus allows easy discharge of its content during the walk. Material for this research was obtained from the complete carcasses of six European roebucks, four males and two females requiring the necropsy to be performed. The sinuses of all six carcasses were carefully dissected in the sagittal direction, macroscopically examined and described. Later, histological examination was performed showing that the interdigital sinus had three layers: epidermis, dermis (corium) and the fibrous capsule. During the necropsy, the swabs were taken for bacteriological examination from the lumen of the sinuses of three carcasses, two males and one female. All samples tested positive on Escherichia coli (beta-hemolytic and non-hemolytic) and Proteus sp., but there was no symptomatic inflammation of the tissue. Such findings indicate that these bacteria can be present in the interdigital sinus as normal microbiota or as contaminants from the environment. Keywords: roebuck, interdigital gland, morphology, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp.

Son yillarda ilac yeniden konumlandirma calismalarinin hiz kazanmasi ile ozellikle zararsiz oldugu kanitlanmis, farmakokinetik ve optimal dozu iyi bilinen ilaclar farkli endikasyonlarda kullanilmak uzere yeniden arastirmalara tabi tutulmaktadir. Gunumuzde pandemiye neden olan SARS-CoV-2'ye karsi ozellikle klinik olarak etkinligi kanitlanmis tedavi ya da asi henuz bulunmamistir. COVID-19 hastaliginin tedavisinde klorokin ve hidroksiklorokinin tedavi potansiyeli buyuk olcude dikkat cekmistir. Bu derlemede COVID-19'un tedavisi ile yeniden gundeme gelen eski bir ilac olan klorokin/hidroksiklorokinin farmakokinetik, farmakodinamik ozellikleri, ozel populasyonlardaki kullanimi ve guvenligi ile ilgili mevcut veriler incelenmis ve literaturdeki guncel arastirmalar dogrultusunda SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonundaki etkinlik ve guvenligine iliskin veriler sunulmaktadir. Klorokin/Hidroksiklorokinin COVID-19 hastaliginin tedavi algoritmalarinda ilk sirada yer almasi ile birlikte daha fazla randomize kontrollu klinik calismanin da gerekli oldugu gorulmektedir.

Aim: A large number of medications are prescribed in pediatric clinics and this leads to the development of drug–drug interactions (DDI) that may complicate the course of the disease. The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of potential drug–drug interactions, to categorize main drug classes involved in severe drug–drug interactions and to highlight clinically relevant DDIs in a pediatric population. Material and Methods: A total of 1500 prescriptions during the 12-month study period were retrospectively reviewed; 510 prescriptions that comprised two or more drugs were included in study. The presence of potential drug–drug interactions was identified by using the Lexi-Interact database and categorized according to severity A (unknown), B (minor), C (moderate), D (major), and X (contraindicated). Results: There were 1498 drugs in 510 prescriptions; 253 of these (49.6%) included 2 drugs, 228 (44.7%) included 3–4 drugs, and 29 (5.6%) included ≥5 drugs. A total of 634 (42%) potential drug–drug interactions were idenfied. Among those, 271 (42.7%) were categorized as A, 284 (44.8%) as B, 53 (8.4%) as C, and 26 (4.1%) as D. There was no potential risk for X interaction. Anti-infectives (36%) were the most commonly prescribed drug classes involved in C and/or D categories. Clarithromycin was the most commonly interacting agent that interfered with budesonide. Conclusion: It is noteworthy that a significant number of drugs causing potential drug–drug interactions are prescribed together in pediatric clinics. Increasing the awareness of physicians on this issue will prevent potential complications and ensure patient safety.

Introduction: Information and communication technology have brought about many changes in medical education and practice, especially in the field of diagnostics. During the academic year 2013/2014, at Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, students in the final year of the study were subjected to examination which aim was to determine how medical students in Bosnia and Herzegovina subjectively assessing their skills for using computers, have gained insight into the nature of Information Technology’s (IT) education and possessive knowledge. Material and methods: The survey was conducted voluntary by anonymous questionnaire consisting of 27 questions, divided into five categories, which are collecting facts about student’s: sex, age, year of entry, computer skills, possessing the same, the use of the Internet, the method of obtaining currently knowledge and recommendations of students in order to improve their IT training. Results of the study: According to the given parameters, indicate an obvious difference in the level of knowledge, use and practical application of Information Technology’s knowledge among students of the Bologna process to the students educated under the old system in favor of the first ones. Based on a comparison of similar studies conducted in Croatia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Denmark, it was observed that the level of knowledge of students of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo was of equal height or greater than in these countries.

To present the basic principles and standards of Ethics in medical research and publishing, as well as the need for continuing education in the principles and ethics in science and publication in biomedicine. An analysis of relevant materials and documents, sources from the published literature. Investing in education of researches and potential researches, already in the level of medical schools. Educating them on research ethics, what constitutes research misconduct and the seriousness of it repercussion is essential for finding a solution to this problem and ensuring careers are constructed on honesty and integrity.

Introduction: The quality of teaching at the universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as abroad depends on many factors, among which are: adequate space for teaching, teaching staff, equipment and technical aids to assist the teaching process, which are in accordance with existing standards and norms. Opinion of students plays an important role in measuring the quality of education. The goal: was to compare the quality of the teaching process students which study according to the Bologna system and students who are studying according to the old system. Material and methods: We used a questionnaire containing variables relevant to test the success of the teaching process at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The survey was conducted among the students of the sixth year of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. The study included 138 students of which 85 students who are studying according to the Bologna system and 53 students who are studying according the old system. Results: The results showed that the students of both groups assessed similarly basic elements of the teaching process. A statistically significant difference is found in the evaluation of the relationship of teachers, assistants, the number of students and the evaluation of space for teaching, practice and studying. Students of the Bologna system believe that assistants should offer more empirical examples and that the exercises are not well designed, unlike the old system students who are satisfied with the concept of practical exercises. A small number of students, in both groups had the opportunity to exercise on the model how to administer injections, while the model for intubation and simulation model used more students of the Bologna system. From the baseline 55% of Bologna students and 48% of students which study according to old system, considered that they are ready to work independently. Discussion: Quality of medical education at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo evaluated by students studying under the old system was not satisfactory in a number of variables that has been shown in this study. Students who are studying according to the Bologna system are more satisfied and most of the variables that were used in this research were evaluated positively. Conclusion: Although in this study is pointed to the many positive features of the Bologna system, in Bosnia and Herzegovina still exist many shortcomings in this study system. It is necessary to carry out many of the changes in our universities through the Bologna process. Primary it is necessary changes to studies curricula, their alignment with the programs of other European universities, modernization of facilities and their alignment with the programs of other European universities, a new method of selection of teachers and their engagement at the university.

SUMMARY. Streptocara spp. infections are reported to cause gastritis, proventriculitis, esophagitis, and pharyngitis in various waterfowls, especially diving ducks. In the present paper, we describe severe fatal diphtheritic pharyngitis and esophagitis caused by Streptocara incognita in three female mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to death, the swans were showing signs of lethargy, anorexia, and reluctance to move. At necropsy, in all swans severe diphtheritic pharyngitis and esophagitis with deep, dark red hemorrhagic ulcerations were observed. Numerous thin, white, up to 1-cm-long nematodes, identified as S. incognita, were observed embedded in the pharyngeal and esophageal mucosa under the diphtheritic membranes. Histopathology revealed severe fibrinonecrotic inflammation with numerous cross-sections of the parasites. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of severe, fatal streptocariasis in mute swans. RESUMEN. Reporte de Caso—Faringitis y esofagitis verminosas fatales causadas por Streptocara incognita en cisnes vulgares (Cygnus olor). Se ha reportado que las infecciones por Streptocara spp. son causantes de gastritis, proventriculitis, esofagitis y faringitis en aves acuáticas, sobre todo en diversos patos buceadores. En el presente trabajo se describe un caso severo y fatal de faringitis y esofagitis diftéricas causado por Streptocara incognita en tres cisnes vulgares (Cygnus olor) hembras en Bosnia y Herzegovina. Antes de la muerte, los cisnes mostraron signos de letargia, anorexia y renuencia a moverse. Durante la necropsia, se observó en todos los cisnes faringitis y esofagitis diftéricas severas y con profundas ulceraciones de color rojo oscuro y hemorrágicas. Numerosos nemátodos delgados de color blanco y de hasta un centímetro de largo, identificados como S. incognita, se observaron incrustados en la mucosa de la faringe y del esófago por debajo de las membranas diftéricas. La histopatología reveló inflamación fibrinonecrótica severa con numerosas secciones transversales de parásitos. De acuerdo al conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer reporte de streptocariasis grave y mortal en cisnes vulgares.