Simple Summary Mastitis is defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland and is one of the most widespread and economically important diseases of dairy cows. Bacteria are the most reported mastitis-causative agents, while other pathogens are often overlooked because they are not routinely investigated. Incomplete diagnosis may result in inappropriate antimicrobial therapy, treatment failure, antimicrobial resistance, dissemination of pathogens, and mastitis recurrences. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the presence of not only bacteria but also other microorganisms associated with cattle mastitis on dairy farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country that lacks an effective mastitis control programme and bacteriological analysis of mastitic milk. The current study revealed Mycoplasma bovis as the main pathogen and a variety of other mastitis-causing agents in cattle: bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and others), fungi (Candida spp.), and algae (Prototheca zopfii). The finding of mastitis cases requiring currently unavailable treatment and vaccines emerges in the broader scope of etiological agents in routine mastitis diagnosis. These measures applied at the herd and national levels are crucial for more effective mastitis control, animal health and welfare, the dairy industry, and public health. Abstract To obtain improved insights into the complex microbial aetiology of bovine mastitis, this study investigated the pathogens involved in cattle mastitis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 179 milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM), as well as eight bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from 48 dairy farms, were analysed by standard bacteriological and mycological methods. Mycoplasma detection and identification were performed using culture techniques and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 88 (49.2%) mastitis samples were positive for known mastitis pathogens at 32 of 47 farms (68.1%). Mycoplasma bovis was a predominant pathogen (25/187; 13.4%) in the majority of herds (14/48; 29.2%) and accounted for 48.9% of positive CM samples. Escherichia coli was the second most dominant CM pathogen (34%), followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (10.6%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common in SCM samples (17.1%). Other mastitis pathogens included Candida spp. and Prototheca zopfii. Two BTM samples were positive for M. bovis only, and one was positive for a mixed culture of S. aureus and Streptococcus uberis. The finding of various causative agents of bovine mastitis, with M. bovis emerging as the main pathogen, emphasizes the significance of comprehensive testing that includes not only common mastitis pathogens but also mycoplasmas, fungi, and algae.

Bats are a natural host for a number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic and thus present a threat to human health. RNA viruses of the family Filoviridae, many of which cause disease in humans, have been associated with specific bat hosts. Lloviu virus is a Filovirus which has been connected to mass mortality events in Miniopterus schreibersii colonies in Spain and Hungary, and some studies have indicated its immense zoonotic potential. A die-off has been recorded among Miniopterus schreibersii in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina for the first time, prompting the investigation to determine the causative agent. Bat carcasses were collected and subjected to pathological examination, after which the lung samples with notable histopathological changes, lung samples with no changes and guano were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing and RT-PCR. A partial Lloviu virus genome was sequenced from lung samples with histopathological changes and found to be closely related to Hungarian and Italian virus sequences. Further accumulation of mutations on the GP gene, coding the glycoprotein responsible for cell tropism and host preference, enhances the need for further characterization and monitoring of this virus to prevent spillover events and protect human health.

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is an important pathogen in sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. We sequenced M. ovipneumoniae strains 150 and 274 from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Strain 150 has a circular genome of 1,053,380 bp with 29.15% GC content while strain 274 has 1,081,404 bp with 28.82% GC content. ABSTRACT Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is an important pathogen in sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. We sequenced M. ovipneumoniae strains 150 and 274 from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Strain 150 has a circular genome of 1,053,380 bp with 29.15% GC content while strain 274 has 1,081,404 bp with 28.82% GC content.

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, a well-established respiratory pathogen of sheep and goats, has gained increased importance recently because of its detection in wild ruminants including members of the Cervidae family. Despite its frequent isolation from apparently healthy animals, it is responsible for outbreaks of severe respiratory disease which are often linked to infections with multiple heterologous strains. Furthermore, M. ovipneumoniae is characterized by an unusually wide host range, a high degree of phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic heterogeneity, and variable and limited growth in mycoplasma media. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for its pathogenicity, including the production of hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species production, and toxins. It shows wide metabolic activity in vitro, being able to utilize substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, and isopropanol; these patterns can be used to differentiate strains. Treatment of infections in the field is complicated by large variations in the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobials, with many showing high minimum inhibitory concentrations. The lack of commercially available vaccines is probably due to the high cost of developing vaccines for diseases in small ruminants not presently seen as high priority. Multiple strains found in affected sheep and goats may also hamper the development of effective vaccines. This review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies gaps in research on M. ovipneumoniae, including its epidemiology in sheep and goats, pathology and clinical presentation, infection in wild ruminants, virulence factors, metabolism, comparative genomics, genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, evolutionary mechanisms, isolation and culture, detection and identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, variations in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, vaccines, and control.

Little is known about the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a canary bird (Serinus canarius domesticus). Although MRSA in a canary bird was previously reported, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first full description of the isolation and antibiotic resistance pattern of MRSA in this pet bird. A swab was taken from the nonhealing wound on the lateral thigh of a four-year-old, caged, housed alone, male canary bird. After the identification of Staphylococcus aureus, the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolate was obtained by the disk diffusion test. According to the resistance to Oxacillin and Cefoxitin, the isolate was identified as MRSA. The mecA gene was confirmed by PCR. The bird was treated by offering drinking water medicated with an injectable enrofloxacin formulation at 200 mg/L over 10 days period. Two weeks after therapy, intensive contraction of the wound was observed with a reduction in size. A week later, the complete epithelization of the wound defect was verified. In this study, we could not confirm the source of infection in a canary bird, but we believe that transmission was from wild birds when the cage was putting out in order to allow the bird to sunbathe or more likely via contact with the owner. The results of this study underline the necessity for further investigations on the epidemiological role of canary birds as potential reservoirs of MRSA.