Shared administration – EU migration agencies – The European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex – European Integrated Border Management and responsibility gaps – Unclear division of obligations in Frontex’s mandate – EU composite legal order and limits of EU judicial remedies – National courts and the right to effective judicial protection under Article 19(1) TEU and Article 47 Charter – Domestic judges as European judges – Advantages and potential of domestic remedies in multi-actor situations – Importance of preliminary references in shared administration– Domestic adjudication of human rights violations in European Integrated Border Management – Adjudication on member state responsibility – Adjudication on individual responsibility – Strengthening domestic judicial systems.

The indoor environment of buildings is of fundamental importance for the health of people and other living organisms residing in them. From this perspective, key factors include indoor temperature, relative humidity and the concentration of CO2 or other pollutants. These healthy indoor conditions are typically maintained through functional heating and ventilation systems. However, in the case of indoor humidity, increasing moisture levels when they are low can be relatively challenging. There are more energy-efficient solutions that can be combined with ventilation systems. These include, for example, placing plants and green walls in the interior, which have a significant impact not only on microclimatic and acoustic conditions of the interior, but also on the overall psychological well-being of occupants. Green elements contribute to the effective regulation of CO2 and certain other harmful substances within the indoor environment. Another possible solution involves the use of sorption-active materials in the form of cladding panels—elements capable of functioning as indoor regulators, i.e., absorbing moisture and releasing it back into the indoor environment when necessary. This study investigates the moisture behavior of natural composites based on montmorillonite clay and straw fibers, as well as their possible integration with green elements to create healthy indoor conditions for their inhabitants. The developed clay composite can be classified as water and steam absorption class WSIII according to DIN 18948—the moisture buffering capacity value was 152.73 g/m2 after 12 h. Based on the research results, it can be stated that these composites could serve as interior cladding elements in synergy with green elements (Chlorophytum comosum, Epipremnum aureum), ideally regulating the indoor microclimatic conditions, especially as an effective solution for short-term humidity changes. The maximum difference in relative humidity between the reference testing chamber (without green elements and clay plates) and the chamber containing plant Chlorophytum comosum and three clay composite plates was 23.04%.

This article explores the robustness and explainability of a convolutional neural network-based fault detection method for medium-voltage circuit breakers. The robustness is analysed by evaluating the method's performance under the presence of stationary and non-stationary disturbances in the vibration signature. Additionally, the impact of sensor ageing on performance indices is investigated to assess long-term reliability. Since the condition assessment method is focused on binary classification, the detection outcome interpretation aspect is addressed by providing recommendations for operator or autonomous system actions. Both aspects are demonstrated using datasets collected from real-world medium-voltage circuit breakers.

The aim of this research was to determine the connection between body composition and explosive power of the lower extremities in top karate players, representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to identify the differences between men and women in these parameters. Correlation analysis was performed between body composition variables and lower extremity explosive strength, with additional use of independent samples t-test to examine gender differences. The results showed a significant positive correlation between body mass, muscle mass, total amount of water and jump height, while the percentage of fat tissue had a negative correlation with jump height. Also, significant gender differences were identified in variables such as fat tissue percentage (.004), muscle mass (.000), total water volume (.000) and jump height (.000), with men achieving better results. These differences indicate that body composition and explosive power are key factors in karate and highlight the need to adapt training and nutritional strategies to gender specificities in order to optimize results.

Brachial artery endothelial function, measured by the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) technique, serves as a surrogate for coronary endothelial function and is recognized as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Despite the known benefits of physical exercise interventions (PEI) in improving endothelial function, limited evidence exists to guide practitioners on the most effective form of PEI for enhancing endothelial function. The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of different PEI modalities on brachial artery FMD, and to establish the most effective PEI through a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). PubMed, WoS, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL and EBSCOhost search was conducted from inception to February 20th, 2025. Randomized controlled studies investigating the effects of PEI on brachial artery FMD in adults were included. Both pairwise and Bayesian NMA were conducted using random-effects model to compare different PEI modalities within primary (aerobic training, resistance training and combined training) and secondary (continuous aerobic training vs. interval aerobic training vs. dynamic resistance training vs. combined training) categorizations. The PEI effectiveness was ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). In total, 84 studies with 3596 participants (43% females, 51.9 ± 15.1 years of age) were included in the analysis. Summarized evidence of 119 effect sizes through pairwise comparisons showed improvement in FMD (mean difference [MD], 2.24%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.90–2.58, p < 0.001) following different PEI, without difference between magnitude of the effect between healthy and asymptomatic individuals (Q, 1.27, p = 0.260). As shown in the NMA, the rank order within a primary classification showed aerobic training as the most effective (SUCRA: 89.8%, MD, 2.37%, 95% credible interval [CrI] 1.95–2.80) followed by resistance training (SUCRA: 66.0%, MD, 2.07%, 95% CrI, 1.34–2.79), and combined (aerobic and resistance) training (SUCRA: 44.1%, MD, 1.67%, 95% CrI, 0.73–2.6). Secondary NMA identified interval aerobic training as the most effective (SUCRA: 99.1%, MD, 3.07%, 95% CrI, 1.37–3.76), which showed to be more effective than continuous aerobic training (MD, 1.08%), dynamic resistance training (MD, 1.04%), and combined training (MD, 1.36%). Moreover, a negative association was found between FMD improvement and both intervention duration and overall training load, while positive associations were observed with weekly training frequency, single session duration, and weekly training duration. Various PEI modalities have demonstrated effectiveness in improving brachial artery FMD, with interval aerobic exercises of higher intensities emerging as the most effective based on current evidence, followed by dynamic resistance training, continuous aerobic training and combined training. These findings have significant implications for informing future exercise guidelines aimed at both prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction. The study protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO online registry: ID: CRD42023453202 In this meta-analysis of 84 randomized controlled trials, physical exercise interventions (PEIs) in general significantly increased brachial artery endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) technique in the adult population. This large-scale systematic review and network meta-analysis showed that aerobic training, resistance training and combined training are all effective in enhancing brachial artery FMD. Although various PEIs have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing brachial artery FMD, interval aerobic exercises of higher intensities are emerging as the most effective based on current evidence. The findings from network meta-regression analyses suggest that greater improvements following PEI can be achieved by increasing the duration of acute stimuli (an additional half-hour of training = 0.80% increase in FMD) and weekly training exposure (an additional two and a half hours of training on weekly basis = 0.50% increase in FMD). In this meta-analysis of 84 randomized controlled trials, physical exercise interventions (PEIs) in general significantly increased brachial artery endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) technique in the adult population. This large-scale systematic review and network meta-analysis showed that aerobic training, resistance training and combined training are all effective in enhancing brachial artery FMD. Although various PEIs have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing brachial artery FMD, interval aerobic exercises of higher intensities are emerging as the most effective based on current evidence. The findings from network meta-regression analyses suggest that greater improvements following PEI can be achieved by increasing the duration of acute stimuli (an additional half-hour of training = 0.80% increase in FMD) and weekly training exposure (an additional two and a half hours of training on weekly basis = 0.50% increase in FMD).

Stress is an integral component of modern sport and has a significant impact on athletes’ physical, emotional, and cognitive functioning. The aim of this review paper is to analyze existing literature on the effects of stress on sports performance, the underlying mechanisms through which stress operates, and potential strategies for mitigating its negative effects. Research findings indicate that stress may have both positive and negative consequences for athletic performance, depending on individual athlete characteristics, situational perception, and coping strategies. A proper understanding and effective management of stress can contribute to performance enhancement, burnout prevention, and the preservation of athletes’ mental health.

Abstract This paper explores the role of external actors in the establishment and sustainability of power-sharing arrangements in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina and Northern Ireland. It examines the actions and strategies of international and kin-state actors in the first decade following the peace agreements in both regions. The study highlights the contrasting outcomes: the lack of local buy-in and dependency syndrome in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the relative success and cooperation in Northern Ireland. By analyzing the circumstances leading to the agreements, the institutional and structural differences, and the strategies employed by external actors, the paper provides insights into the factors that influence the effectiveness of power-sharing mechanisms. The findings underscore the importance of local elite buy-in, the impact of federalism and consociationalism, and the critical role of external actors in shaping post-conflict governance. The paper concludes with lessons learned and implications for future peacebuilding efforts in divided societies.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to pose one of the most significant challenges in maternal health, affecting nearly 40% of pregnant women worldwide according to the World Health Organization (2023).  Despite advances in obstetric screening, conventional diagnostic methods such as complete blood count (CBC) tests often fail to detect early or latent stages of anemia due to physiological changes associated with pregnancy.  This study introduces a robust machine learning framework integrating Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Networks (CTGAN) for the early detection of IDA in pregnant women. Our approach addresses the class imbalance inherent in clinical datasets and incorporates trimester-specific hematological adaptations.  Using 3,944 anonymized clinical records from ASA Hospital Sarajevo (January–July 2025), we evaluated model performance across hematological features commonly used in obstetric care. The optimized model achieved a precision of 100%, recall of 65.2%, specificity of 100%, and an AUC-ROC of 0.8686. Comparative analysis against conventional CBC screening, which reached only 40.5% sensitivity, demonstrated significant improvement in detection reliability. These findings demonstrate the potential of AI-enhanced diagnostics to support early detection of IDA in pregnant women, reduce missed diagnoses, and strengthen clinical decision-making. Further multi-center validation and integration of additional biomarkers are recommended to confirm generalizability.

During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, treatment protocols varied substantially among countries and even between hospitals. This study compared the clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated in tertiary centers in Türkiye and Bosnia and Herzegovina. We retrospectively analyzed 1338 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: 657 patients in Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina, June–December 2020) and 681 in İstanbul (Turkiye, April–May 2020). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, treatment details (including favipiravir use), need for invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital mortality were extracted from medical records. Patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina were older (61.6 ± 14.4 vs. 56.9 ± 15.8 years; p < 0.001) and had longer hospital stays (9.0 ± 5.5 vs. 7.7 ± 6.1 days; p < 0.001). In the Bosnian cohort, leukocyte, neutrophil, platelet, ferritin, CRP, troponin, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels were significantly higher, whereas hemoglobin and D-dimer levels were lower. The need for ventilatory support was greater in Bosnia and Herzegovina (15.1% vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001), and overall mortality was higher (25.7% vs. 9.3%, p < 0.001). No mortality difference was observed between patients treated and not treated with favipiravir. Despite similar inclusion criteria, patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina exhibited more severe disease, greater organ involvement, and higher mortality than those in Turkiye. Favipiravir use did not influence survival. Inter-country comparisons highlight how differing patient profiles and treatment protocols may impact COVID-19 outcomes; however, interpretation should consider that the two centers contributed data from different phases of the 2020 pandemic, and that country-level differences in circulating variants, healthcare capacity, hospital strain, and evolving clinical guidelines may also have influenced the observed patterns.

This article explores experts’ perspectives on the most important soft skills for entrepreneurial success in the Western Balkans (WB) and identifies effective educational and workplace practices to foster these skills. Using a qualitative Delphi study supported by a literature review, the research gathered and synthesized opinions from 20 experts representing Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Findings show that communication, adaptability, flexibility, teamwork, and critical thinking are essential for business success, while leadership, emotional intelligence, problem-solving, and teamwork are considered most vital for future entrepreneurs. Experts emphasized that group projects, specialized courses, and blended learning approaches are effective in educational settings, while workplace skill development benefits from training programs, mentoring, active communication, and openness to feedback. This study provides region-specific insights into skill-building strategies for young entrepreneurs, addressing a key research gap. By integrating expert consensus with evidence-based practices, the article offers a framework for educators, policymakers, institutions, and businesses to strengthen entrepreneurship education and workforce readiness across the WB region.

We consider the adaptive control problem for discrete-time, nonlinear stochastic systems with linearly parameterised uncertainty. Assuming access to a parameterised family of controllers that can stabilise the system in a bounded set within an informative region of the state space when the parameter is well-chosen, we propose a certainty equivalence learning-based adaptive control strategy, and subsequently derive stability bounds on the closed-loop system that hold for some probabilities. We then show that if the entire state space is informative, and the family of controllers is globally stabilising with appropriately chosen parameters, high probability stability guarantees can be derived.

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the inappropriate use of antibiotics, amplifying the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in resource-limited healthcare settings. This study investigated AMR patterns in a tertiary care hospital, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive bacterial pathogens. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, analyzing AMR data from invasive bacterial isolates collected between 2015 and 2024, and assessing correlations between antibiotic utilization and resistance patterns during the study periods. Results: Among 4718 invasive bacterial isolates, Acinetobacter spp. (26.7%) and K. pneumoniae (20.8%) were the most prevalent. A significant increase in invasive isolates was observed during the COVID-19 period, particularly for K. pneumoniae (p = 0.003), P. aeruginosa (p = 0.017), Acinetobacter spp. (p = 0.013), and E. faecium (p = 0.028). The highest multidrug-resistant (MDR) rates were observed in Acinetobacter spp. (97% during COVID-19) and K. pneumoniae (>80% post-COVID-19). Resistance increased significantly in K. pneumoniae to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems, and in P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. to carbapenems, while P. aeruginosa resistance to aminoglycosides declined. Strong correlations were found between carbapenems use and Acinetobacter spp. resistance (r = 0.861, p = 0.001), and vancomycin use and E. faecalis resistance (r = 0.798, p = 0.006). Moderate correlations were also observed between carbapenems use and resistance of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: These findings highlight the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on AMR dynamics, particularly among Gram-negative pathogens, and underscore the urgent need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship and targeted surveillance to curb the spread of MDR pathogens, especially in resource-limited hospitals.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex and potentially life-threatening inflammatory condition with a highly variable clinical course, ranging from mild, self-limiting episodes to severe necrotizing forms. Among its common complications ascites has traditionally been viewed as a passive byproduct of peritoneal inflammation and enzymatic leakage with limited diagnostic or prognostic utility. However, growing evidence challenges this perspective, suggesting that ascitic fluid in AP represents a dynamic and clinically meaningful component of disease progression. In this editorial we reflected on the findings presented by Rao et al, who highlighted the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of ascitic fluid in AP. Easily accessible markers such as lactate dehydrogenase may provide early prognostic insight while emerging molecular biomarkers and cytokine profiles offer promise for more precise risk stratification and individualized therapy. We argue that the systematic evaluation of ascitic fluid should be integrated into the clinical management of moderate to severe AP. Incorporating ascites analysis into standard diagnostic protocols may enhance early risk assessment, inform therapeutic decisions, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Ascitic fluid should be recognized as a clinically valuable marker and an important source of information in the evolving landscape of AP care.

Background Previous studies have shown that stimuli that another individual looks at are better remembered than stimuli that are not looked at, suggesting that joint attention improves memory. However, these previous studies have differed in the type of memory being tested and the type of content that is to-be-remembered: while effects of joint attention on long-term memory were tested with verbalizable stimuli, effects on working memory have only been tested with visual stimuli such as colour. Thus, the aim of the current study is to extend these previous findings and investigate whether joint attention improves working memory for verbalizable stimuli. Methods Participants were first presented with an image of a face with eyes that gazed either to the left or to the right, after which a grid of 4 letters (2x2) was shown. On half of trials, this grid with letters was shown in the same direction that was gazed at, and in the other half of the trials, in the other direction. After a retention interval (1000 ms), participants were shown a letter in the centre of the screen and asked to judge whether they have seen this letter as part of the grid shown before. Results Our results revealed that participants’ judgements about whether they had previously seen the letter was more accurate for letters that had been gazed at than letters that had not been gazed at. In contrast, participants’ reaction times were not influenced by whether the letter had been gazed at. Conclusions Our findings suggest that joint attention can improve working memory for verbalizable stimuli such as letters.

In this research, the impact of applications on improving urban logistics was examined using the example of the company EX, with an emphasis on the sustainability of its business. To conduct this research, expert decision-making was used. The model used ten criteria and eight applications. To incorporate uncertainty into this research, an intuitionistic fuzzy approach was used. Based on the obtained CC values, the criteria weights were determined using the SiWeC (Simple Weight Calculation) method, while the WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method ranked the applications. The results showed that “Security and data protection” and “System reliability and stability” were the most important criteria, while Application 1 achieved the best results. These results were confirmed by the consistency analysis of the WASPAS method and the sensitivity analysis, which considered 30 scenarios.