Medical informatics, as much as it is a result of evolution as planned philosophy, have its roots in the history of information technology and medicine. Development of medical informatics started in the fifties of the 20th century. In the period after Second World War USA was the leading country in the field of Computer science and the leader in using the first computers in medicine and healthcare services. The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) during the last two decades of 20th century was particularly important for development of medical informatics, with great influence of Internet by medical professionals at every level of health care system. Comprehensive and essential contents on medical informatics, but also the aspects nurtured by the main „schools of Medical informatics“ - Anglo-Saxon (Abbot, Anderson, etc.), French (Gremy, Remond, etc.), German (Reichhertz). et al.), American (Collen, Green, et al.), Middle and East Europe (Dezelic, Masic, Zvarova, Naszlady, Mihalas, etc.), whose terms „Health Informatics“ (Abbot) and „Medical Informatics“ (Gremy and Reichertz) have entered the European and world medical literature. For those studying the subject or working in the field, the experiences of others who use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for the better of health care can provide a necessary perspective. In promotion and spreading the knowledge and experiences of the medical informatics as scientific and academic discipline in the world, great impact was given by IMIA and its „branch associations“ at every continent. But, most influential association became European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI), established on September 11th 1976 in Copenhagen with members of 10 national representatives (Barry Barber (UK), Antonio Perens de Talens (Italy), Francois Grémy (France), Rolf Hansen (Norway), Mogens Jorgensen (Denmark), Hans Peterson (Sweden), Peter Leo Reichertz (Germany), Jan Roukens (Netherlands), Jan van Egmond (Belgium) and Ilkka Vaananen (Finland) who adopted Statute of EFMI and other documents and prepared the first MIE Conference in Cambridge (UK) in 1978. Today EFMI represent leading European medical informatics professional organization representing 28 European countries and institutional members. EFMI is organized as a non-profit organization concerned with the theory and practice of Information Science and Technology within the Health and Health Sciences sector, in a European context. The goals set of EFMI are: a) To advance international co-operation and dissemination of information in Medical Informatics on a European basis; b) To promote high standards in the application of medical informatics; c) To promote research and development in medical informatics; d) To encourage high standards in education in medical informatics; and e) To function as the autonomous European Regional Council of IMIA. Author of this article described the facts about important events which EFMI, with contribution of national societies, members of EFMI, organized during 45 years of existence, including important facts about the influential medical informatics experts. Finally, author shortly described important facts about history of development of Health informatics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and South-Eastern Europe, including facts about his activities during long period of his participation in IMIA General Assembly and EFMI Council. There he was very actively involved in a lot of activities, including organization of 22nd MIE Conference in Sarajevo in 2009.

Background: Mobile pharmacies are special organizational units or infrastructures that serve to supply medicines to remote communities or are stationed on ships or as such exist during war conflicts on the battlefields to provide first aid to the wounded and to provide the necessary medicines. The establishment of mobile pharmacies is regulated by the law of each state and only preparations approved by law can be found in it. There are also regulations for the good storage and warehousing of these drugs. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the available literature on the topic “Mobile pharmacies through history”, which shows the development and progress in the structure and function of mobile pharmacies throughout history. Methods: This is an descriptive study based on the searched available literature from the on-line databases regarding to present a historical overview of mobile pharmacies during the most significant war events in Europe and the USA. Results and Discussion: Mobile pharmacies were first mentioned in Egypt and the Roman Empire, but it was not until 1500 that military and ship’s doctors began using them, and wealthy nobles had their own boxes of medicines, which they carried on long voyages. Mobile pharmacies became more and more popular, so in the 18th century, practical manuals on the use of the contents of the box began to be published. The importance of a mobile pharmacy was shown in the wars, where people, before their appearance, died due to the impossibility of providing first aid on the battlefield. The advanced medicine and pharmacy that developed on land, greatly affected the health care at the sea. The constant incidence of infectious diseases, poverty and inadequate nutrition, insecurity of navigation and long voyages are the main reasons why sailors often fell ill and were exposed to injuries at work. A situation like that required that the problem of health protection on ships gets solved in accordance with the then principles of medicine and pharmacy. Conclusion: Authors demonstrated the importance of mobile pharmacies in treating and providing medical protection on boat trips. Regarding the ship’s pharmacies, pharmacists have the role of supplying ships with medicines, conducting training for captains and ship staff, advising shipping companies and captains on equipping ship pharmacies and advising on the preparation of national regulations and national ship pharmacy supply policy.

COVID-19 pandemic asks the engagement of all experts in different medical fields to help in solving consequences such an overwhelming success that we follow it with COVID-19 Management, including Medical Informatics experts.

Abstract The field of business ethics has received considerable attention from the corporate, academic, and public sectors over the past several decades. A key purpose of this paper is to examine existing research and knowledge creation in the field of business ethics. The paper includes systematic literature review using bibliomteric analysis which covers 50 articles, published in 11 peer-reviewed journals from 1994 to 2019, examining the methodological and theoretical approaches, as well as the main research focus areas. We found significant amount of studies concerning business ethics appeared mostly in business ethics journals. We identified seven areas of research covered by numerous authors in the observed period, of which three predominate: corporate culture; education; and national (cultural) approach to business ethics.

International Accounting Standard 19 - Employee Benefits outlines the accounting requirements for employee benefits, including short-term benefits, post-employment benefits, other long-term benefits and termination benefits. The standard establishes the principle that the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognized in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable, and outlines how each category of employee benefits is measured. Aim of the paper is to determine the degree of IAS 19 implementation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its impact on financial performance of public enterprises. Since no significant negative impact of the implementation of IAS 19 on the financial performance has been proven, it could be recommended that the observed entities consider all its advantages and thus realize the potential benefits for both, the company and the employees.

Cilj: Prikazati slučaj pacijentice s ponavljajućim rupturama jajnika s ciljem rasprave moguće etiologije rupture koja može nastati u različitim fazama liječenja u predisponiranih pacijentica. Prikaz slučaja: Pacijentica u dobi od 28 godina zaprimljena je u hitnu ginekološku ambulantu zbog jakih bolova u donjem dijelu abdomena praćenih dispnejom i općim lošim osjećanjem. Tog jutra pacijentica je bila na aspiraciji oocita. U krvnoj slici bile su snižene vrijednosti eritrocita, hemoglobina i hematokrita. Transvaginalnim ultrazvukom postavljena je sumnja na hematoperitoneum. Indicirana je hitna dijagnostička laparoskopija kojom je potvrđeno intraperitonealno krvarenje, a izvor je bio rupturirani jajnik. Hemostaza je učinjena tijekom zahvata termokauterizacijom. Nakon pet godina pacijentica je nastavila liječenje neplodnosti in vitro fertilizacijom u prirodnom ciklusu u kojem je učinjen prijenos zametka. Dva dana kasnije javlja se u hitnu ginekološku ambulantu zbog bolova u abdomenu. Ultrazvučnom dijagnostikom postavljena je sumnja na hematoperitoneum koji je potvrđen dijagnostičkom laparoskopijom, a krvarenje je zaustavljeno termokauterizacijom. Tri tjedna nakon prijenosa zametka transvaginalnim ultrazvukom potvrđen je intrauterino smješten gestacijski mjehurić, čime je potvrđena trudnoća. U 26. tjednu trudnoće započeo je prijevremeni porod prsnućem vodenjaka te je porod dovršen carskim rezom. Zaključak: Tijek liječenja neplodnosti i zbivanja tijekom perinatalnog razdoblja ukazuju da su ponavljane rupture jajnika moguće u predisponiranih pacijentica. Prikazani slučaj ukazuje na skupinu pacijentica koja je sklonija komplikacijama u različitim okolnostima reprodukcijske dobi.

Many components of the innate immune system are evolutionarily conserved and shared across many living organisms, from plants and invertebrates to humans. Therefore, these shared features can allow the comparative study of potentially dangerous substances, such as engineered nanoparticles (NPs). However, differences of methodology and procedure between diverse species and models make comparison of innate immune responses to NPs between organisms difficult in many cases. To this aim, this review provides an overview of suitable methods and assays that can be used to measure NP immune interactions across species in a multidisciplinary approach. The first part of this review describes the main innate immune defense characteristics of the selected models that can be associated to NPs exposure. In the second part, the different modes of exposure to NPs across models (considering isolated cells or whole organisms) and the main endpoints measured are discussed. In this synergistic perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of important cross-disciplinary immunological models to study NP-immune interactions and identify future research needs. As such, this paper could be used as a methodological reference point for future nano-immunosafety studies.

Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) is a renewable diesel fuel used to replace petroleum diesel. The organic compounds in HVO are poorly characterized; therefore, toxicological properties could be different from petroleum diesel exhaust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure and effective biomarkers in 18 individuals after short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust and petroleum diesel exhaust fumes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze urinary biomarkers. A proximity extension assay was used for the measurement of inflammatory proteins in plasma samples. Short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust (PM1 ~1 µg/m3 and ~90 µg/m3 for vehicles with and without exhaust aftertreatment systems, respectively) did not increase any exposure biomarker, whereas petroleum diesel exhaust (PM1 ~300 µg/m3) increased urinary 4-MHA, a biomarker for p-xylene. HVO exhaust from the vehicle without exhaust aftertreatment system increased urinary 4-HNE-MA, a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, from 64 ng/mL urine (before exposure) to 141 ng/mL (24 h after exposure, p < 0.001). There was no differential expression of plasma inflammatory proteins between the HVO exhaust and control exposure group. In conclusion, short-term exposure to low concentrations of HVO exhaust did not increase urinary exposure biomarkers, but caused a slight increase in lipid peroxidation associated with the particle fraction.

Background: Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome and is characterised by a clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia. Objectives: This report presents an atypical case of MFS characterized by ocular and gastrointestinal involvement, and anti-ganglioside antibody-positivity. Methods: A 17-year old boy was referred to our ophthalmology emergency room with signs and symptoms of diplopia and upper lid ptosis of the right eye. He underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination with special reference to strabologic status, as well as a neuropediatric examination with serum antiganglioside antibody panel. Results: Strabologic examination showed horisontal diplopia (near and far), ptosis of the upper eyelid on the right and bilateral ophthalmoplegia (limited elevation). Orthoptic examination revealed esotropia of 8 prism dioptres (PD) at near and 18 PD at far distance. A pediatric neurologist found normal limb power, deep tendon reflexes and flexor plantar responses, but attenuated right patellar reflex. Serum anti-GQ1b IgG (+++), anti-GQ1b IgM (++) and anti-GD1a IgM(++) were positive. Positivity of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody confirmed the existence of incomplete MFS. We treated the patient with systemic intravenous immunoglobulins for five days, and after five months of follow-up, all symptoms resolved. Conclusion: MFS can present itself as a wide range of clinical features and its timely recognition is important. Despite the alarming nature of the disease, patients with MFS tend to have a good recovery of presented symptoms, and without any significant residual deficit.

Micellar systems are colloids with significant properties for pharmaceutical and food applications. They can be used to formulate thermodynamically stable mixtures to solubilize hydrophobic food-related substances. Furthermore, micellar formation is a complex process in which a variety of intermolecular interactions determine the course of formation and most important are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between surfactant–solvent and solvent–solvent. Glycols are organic compounds that belong to the group of alcohols. Among them, propane-1,2-diol (PG) is a substance commonly used as a food additive or ingredient in many cosmetic and hygiene products. The nature of the additive influences the micellar structure and properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). When increasing the mass fraction of propane-1,2-diol in binary mixtures, the c.m.c. values decrease because propane-1,2-diol is a polar solvent, which gives it the ability to form hydrogen bonds, decreasing the cohesivity of water and reducing the dielectric constant of the aqueous phase. The values of ΔGm0 are negative in all mixed solvents according to the reduction in solvophobic interactions and increase in electrostatic interaction. With the rising concentration of cosolvent, the equilibrium between cosolvent in bulk solution and in the formed micelles is on the side of micelles, leading to the formation of micelles at a lower concentration with a small change in micellar size. According to the 1H NMR, with the addition of propylene glycol, there is a slight shift of SDS peaks towards lower ppm regions in comparison to the D2O peak. The shift is more evident with the increase in the amount of added propane-1,2-diol in comparison to the NMR spectra of pure SDS. Addition of propane-1,2-diol causes the upfield shift of the protons associated with hydrophilic groups, causing the shielding effect. This signifies that the alcohol is linked with the polar head groups of SDS due to its proximity to the SDS molecules.

Background: The world was struck with a pandemic accompanied by maybe one of the most popular words out there right now, which is COVID-19. It has affected every aspect of life imaginable, especially in the medical sector particularly in our case dental care. Objective: This study goes on to analyse and assess the impact of COVID-19 on dental care in Bosnia and Herzegovina, varying from the staff, patients, supplies/equipment, and finances. Methods: An online survey and over-the-phone surveys were conducted, bringing in raw information to help with this study. Results: In total there were 10 different dental offices that information was obtained from. About 90% say that the pandemic has affected their patient flow, obviously due to some restrictions and regulations. And 60% say that the cost of PPE has increased since the pandemic started, while 40% said otherwise. Other data can be found in the rest of the study. Conclusion: Entering into the pandemic, dental practices quickly started to realize the seriousness of this situation, changing the way they do normal everyday work to accustom to this “new norm”. During such a problem, both sides have to participate to act upon accordingly to bring health and safety for everyone.

Various viruses can hide within fluid and solid structures and thus successfully cross different distances, causing the spread of viral infections. Analytical modeling of the triple treatment of virus within a small liquid droplet and within a solid porous particle is the basic research polygon of this paper. The three-stage treatment aims to maximize the efficacy of deactivating viruses indoors. In order to achieve this, viruses undergo treatment by infrared heating, ultraviolet deactivation and ionization–electrostatic deactivation by negative ions. When the droplets are treated with infrared heating, incomplete evaporation occurs, reducing their initial diameter by 10 times; an initial diameter of droplets is 0.01 mm, 0.03 mm and 0.05 mm. Thermal inactivation of viruses inside the droplets is almost negligible, due to short exposure time and a maximum temperature of 100 °C. On the other hand, when solid porous particles are heated to a much higher temperature at the same exposure time, this causes significant thermal inactivation of viruses inside them. Reducing the diameter of the droplet (due to evaporation) by 10 times causes a multiple increase in UV-C deactivation of viruses inside the droplets. The effect of UV-C radiation on viruses within solid porous particles is not included in this paper.

Background: The creation of corneal flap is considered to be the most critical part of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Currently, flaps can be created with mechanical micorkeratomes or femtosecond lasers. Objective: To analyze and compare flap characteristics created with two different methods for flap creation in Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: This was a retrospective study. The thickness and morphology of the flap were compared between the two mechanical microkeratomes (group I – Moria M2, group II – Moria SBK One Use Plus) and femtosecond laser (group III – Ziemer Femto LDV). Central flap thickness was measured intraoperatively, while the flap profile was measured with anterior optical coherence tomography at two axes (90° and 180°) and 5 measuring points on the first day, the first week, and one month after the surgery. Results: Central flap thickness was 110.91±15.79 micrometers (µm) (80-164 µm) in group I, 98.08±13.33 µm (65-136 µm) in group II and 103.52±13.89 µm (66-138 µm) in group III. Anterior optical coherence tomography revealed a meniscus-shaped flap in all three groups at both axes (90° and 180°). The least variability in flap thickness was observed in group III (±6 µm). Conclusion: All three methods of flap creation provide good shape and thickness reproducibility. Ziemer Femto LDV femtosecond laser had the least variable flap thickness in a single flap. Mechanical microkeratomes had slightly lower performance.