Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the national oral health programmes in the Balkan countries, to compare key measures and activities in the implementation of the general and specific objectives of the programme, and to analyse the results achieved after the implementation of the programme. Material and Methods: The data were obtained through an electronic search of publicly available documents published by the relevant institutions in the field of dental health care in the Balkan countries. The search terms were: "national programme", "strategy", "action plan", "project", and "oral health". The search was conducted in English and in the native languages of the Balkan Peninsula countries. A comparative analysis of valid documents and those whose validity period has expired was carried out. Results: Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia have valid national preventive programmes. In Cyprus, a strategic plan for the provision of dental services is described. An oral health promotion programme for elementary school children and universal preventive programme for children ("dentist pass") have been implemented in Greece. Serbia has a national preventive programme that has expired, but the programme activities still apply. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania, and Turkey do not have national oral health preventive programmes. Countries in the region with no oral health promotion programmes have poorer oral health indicators compared to countries with existing programmes. Conclusions: While countries in the Balkan Peninsula have made progress in improving the oral health of their inhabitants, the absence of national oral health promotion programmes is striking in many countries in the region. Greater involvement of the community in activities to maintain and improve oral health is needed, as is more comprehensive dental care for vulnerable populations. This paper (Part I) compares national oral health promotion programmes of the Balkan countries, the key measures and activities, and general and specific objectives of the programme.

Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) refers to the cessation of mechanical cardiac activity outside healthcare facilities which requires prompt intervention and intensive resuscitative efforts. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to OHCA systems-of-care, adversely affecting every component of the chain of survival. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on OHCA events, to draw comparisons between the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed data pertaining to all OHCA incidents attended to by the Emergency Medical Service of Canton Sarajevo, covering the period from January 2017 to December 2022, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: During observed period, a total of 1418 [796 (56.1%) before and 622 (43.9%) during COVID-19 pandemic] OHCA events have occurred in Canton Sarajevo of which 297 (20.9 %) [180 (12.7%) before and 117 (8.2%) during COVID-19 pandemic] obtained ROSC. After a 30-day period following the ROSC) it was observed that the predominant outcome, accounting for 181 (12.7%) [106 (7.4%) before and 75 (5.2%) during COVID-19 pandemic] of cases, was a complete recovery. An examination before and during COVID-19 pandemic revealed a decline in OHCA during the year 2021 and 2022 when COVID-19 pandemic was at its highest in the country Being younger, quicker EMT response time and individuals with the initial rhythm of VF or VT were significantly associated with obtaining ROSC (p<0.05). Only 48 (3.3%) of 1418 OHCA events were assisted by bystanders There was no report of AED usage. Conclusion: In conclusion, our investigation highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on OHCA events in Canton Sarajevo, revealing a decrease in OHCA incidence and a reduction in cases achieving ROSC. Notably, EMT response time was shorter during the pandemic.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is a common finding in clinical practice. The cause of enlarged nodes on clinical examination alone is challenging and there may be multiple reasons for this enlargement. It may become enlarged due to stimulation by infectious agents or the involvement of metastasis or malignant diseases, such as lymphoma. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic role of fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes in metastatic cancer and lymphoma. Methods: A total of 48 FNAC lymph nodes suspicious for malignancy were sampled with follow-up biopsy in Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo from 2017 to 2023. Lymph nodes were aspirated using 20-22 G needle with minimally 2 passes, spread on slides, air-dried, stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa or Papanikolaou and residual material sent for cytoblock. Results: Out of 48 cytological samples, 30 (62.5%) revealed metastatic epithelial cells and 12 (25%) lymphoproliferative neoplasm. Three samples were suspected for malignancies, one sample was unrepresentative, one inconclusive and one falsely negative. Histopathological confirmation had 35 patients, while others were confirmed based on clinical presentation and radiological techniques. Compared to histopathological diagnosis, cytology had a sensitivity of 89.47%, specificity of 93.33%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95.04% and negative predictive values (NPV) 86.13% for epithelial metastatic cancer. The overall diagnostic test accuracy was 91.06%. For lymphoproliferative neoplasms cytology in comparison to histopathology had sensitivity 85.71%, specificity 91.18%, PPV 76.4% and NPV 95.04%. The overall diagnostic test accuracy was 89.81%. In both ways cytology is showing significant possibility to be used as a primary tool in detecting cancers. Conclusion: FNAC is a fast, reliable, and efficient method for diagnosing malignant lymphadenopathy. The cytological diagnosis can sometimes be accepted as the definitive diagnosis without further correlation with histopathology, especially in advanced malignancies and known primary malignancies.

Background: Cervical cancer is a cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix–the lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina and represents a global public health problem. In 2008, 530,000 new cases and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded worldwide, and in 2018, an increase to 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths was recorded. For many years, it has been known that the main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus–HPV. The total prevalence of HPV in the cervix in the general population of women is 10%. In developing countries, this prevalence is higher and describe most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze and describe molecular genetic basis of cervical cancer and the most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Methods: This is cross-sectional study based on meta-analysis of the facts published in scientific literature stored in indexed databases Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, Hinari, etc., about molecular genetic basis of the cervical cancer with description of clinical manifestations and its consequences describing morbidity and mortality rate in the population worldwide. Results and Discussion:  In 2008, 530,000 new cases and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded worldwide, and in 2018, an increase to 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths was recorded. The main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus–HPV. HPV infection is most common in young, sexually active women under the age of 25, but cervical cancer is more common in older women. Oncogenic types of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 together with HPV 45 and 31 are the causative agents of 80% of cervical cancer cases. HPV 16 has the highest oncogenic potential. Epigenetic changes include DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of histones, such as: methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. Cervical intraepithelial (CIN / SIL) lesion is a premalignant change of the cervix that occurs due to chronic infection with high-risk types of HPV. Persistent infection with oncogenic types of HPV causes almost all cases of cancer. HPV DNA was detected in 99.7% of cancer samples. Conclusion: There are four main steps in the development of cervical cancer: infection of the metaplastic epithelium of the transformation zone, viral persistence, progression towards precancerous lesions and invasion of the basement membrane. Histologically, in about 80% of cases, squamous cell carcinomas arise from preexisting dysplasias. Adenocarcinoma accounts for about 15-20% of cancer cases. HPV 16 is the main cause of squamous cell carcinoma, unlike HPV 18 which is typically associated with adenocarcinoma.

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When observing e-commerce, it can be concluded that parcel lockers are an innovative solution to the everyday challenges faced in logistics. The fast pace of life and traffic congestion make parcel delivery difficult and expensive, while parcel lockers offer a more efficient way to receive and send packages 24/7. Key advantages include reduced delivery costs, environmental benefits (less CO2 emissions), security of packages and greater availability to users. Parcel lockers are making access easier, while couriers can optimize their delivery routes. In this research, using the FUCOM (Full Consistency Method) and MARCOS (Measurement Alternatives and Ranking According to the Compromise Solution) methods, a model for selecting optimal locations for installing parcel lockers of the X-Express company for the Vitez distribution center was developed. The first step is data collection, while multi-criteria decision-making methods enable detailed analysis and ranking of potential locations. The introduction of parcel lockers contributes to the modernization of logistics, reduces administrative tasks and supports environmental sustainability.

The study investigates how the main characters Alexander (Daniel Brühl) and Christiane (Katrin Sass) and their complex and dynamic relationships are characterized through film dialogue in the German film Good Bye, Lenin! directed by Wolfgang Becker in 2003. Since dialogues often serve as carriers of socio- historical circumstances and interpersonal relationships, which is also evident in this film, the aim of the study is to analyze the gradual revelation of the protagonists’ personal identities, their psychological “currents,” perception of reality, and motives for their actions based on three selected dialogues. In order to follow the emotional depth as well as the internal conflicts in the context of the socio-political upheavals of that time (for example, Christiane’s comatose alertness can be interpreted as a powerful metaphor for the collapse of East Germany), the discourse analysis will also include the linguistic-stylistic features that permeate and contribute to its development.

U radu su prikazane interpretacije rodno zasnovanog nasilja kroz međunarodnopravne, a sprimarnim fokusom na standarde UNa i Vijeća Evrope. Koristeći primarno logičku i lingvističkumetodu u pravu prikazani su načini na koje se tumači rod u sintagmi 'rodno zasnovano nasilje' i kako,u odnosu na ova tumačenja, varira i opseg pojma. Specifičan fokus rada su kontekstualneinterpretacije u lokalnom, bosanskohercegovačkom diskursu. Ovakav pristup motiviran je prvenstvenoanti-rodnim kampanjama u 21. stoljeću u Evropi i Americi (Paternotte i Kuhar, 2017, str. 7; Sosa,2021, str. 3) strukturiranih kao desničarski populizam koji redefinira i demonizira značenje riječi rod(Graff i Korolczuk, 2022, str. 4, 7). Anti-rodne kampanje imaju svoje refleksije i u Bosni i Hercegovinii državama u regionu koja posebno dolazi do izražaja kroz tumačenje 'rodno zasnovanog nasilja' uprevođenju međunarodnih standarda u nacionalno zakonodavstvo.

The research was conducted on a sample of 102 respondents (teachers/professors) employed in elementary schools in the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main goal of the research is to determine the attitudes and possible differences in the attitudes of teachers and professors regarding the early recognition and development of athletically gifted students who transition from classroom to subject classes, in the activities that the student engages in with regard to the gender, work status, age and level of education of the respondents. As a measuring instrument in the research, a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was used, in which each statement has 5 answers (I do not agree at all, I do not agree, I have no opinion/I am neutral, I agree, I completely agree). The survey questionnaire contained seven indicators for the assessment of early recognition and support for the development of sports gifted students, as well as questions related to the respondent’s gender, workplace/position, age and level of education. The results of the t-test and the analysis of variance of the different groups with LSD Post Hoc comparison tests were used to determine any statistically significant differences between the groups of respondents with regard to gender, workplace/position, age and level of education. The obtained results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of teachers/professors regarding the early recognition and development of athletically gifted students in the activities that the student engages in with regard to gender and age, and the differences in the attitudes of the respondents were determined with regard to work status and level of education of the respondents.

Nasilje u partnerskim odnosima već dugo je predmet istraživačkog interesa sa fokusom naodrasle osobe. Od 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pokazuje se povećani interes za nasilje u vezamamladih kao i njihov kvalitet veze. Prve emotivne veze u ljudskim životima u pravilu se i javljaju zavrijeme adolescentnog perioda, i donose sa sobom nova iskusva i doživljaje. Važna komponentaodnosa sa suprotnim spolom je osjećaj zaljubljenosti. Mladi se u ovom periodu suočavaju s vrlovažnim razvojnim izazovom – pokušavaju uspostaviti novi oblik bliskog odnosa sa osobom koja im jeprivlačna na potpuno novi način. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati percepciju kvalieta emotivnih veza kodmladih i utvrditi prisustvo nasilja sa posebnim osvrtom na njegove pojavne oblike. Uzorak ispitanikasu činili mladi u dobi od 18 do 25 godina. Zadovoljstvo emotivnom vezom predstavlja stepen u kojempojedinac svoju romantičnu vezu procjenjuje kvalitetnom, a ova procjena zadovoljstva ovisi od odnosadobitaka i gubitaka u vezi. U svrhu procjene korištena je Skala procjene kvalitete veze (RelationshipAssesment Scale – RAS) (Adaptirana prema Šunjiić i Penezić, 2014). Za potrebe istraživanjakonstruisan je i Upitnik vezan za prisustvo nasilja u mladenačkim vezama.Rezultati istraživanjaobrađeni su detaljnom deskriptivnom analizom. Rezultati pokazuju da mladi imaju različitupercepciju kvaliteta emotivne veze. Također se pokazalo da su mladi u svjesni postojanja problemanasilja u vezi i da prepoznaju nasilne obrasce ponašanja. U nasilna ponašanja najčepće ubrajaju onakojima se nastoji dominirati i kontrolisati partner. Rezultati istraživanja mogu poslužiti kao baza zakreiranje programa za prevenciju nasilja u mladenačkim vezama.

The ratio of concentrations of total nitrogen and five-day biochemical oxygen demand in the sanitary wastewater of an energy infrastructure facility in Serbia is many times higher than usual, resulting in only half of the total nitrogen being eliminated in wastewater treatment plants (membrane bioreactor with anoxic and aerobic reactors) by denitrification. The first step of analysis was mathematical modelling of the composition and origins of the input wastewater. The model was developed based on the scientific literature data on composition of human excrement and the data on composition of water used for sanitary purposes. Next, it was successfully verified by comparisons to the experimental data of the wastewater composition. In the next step, a model for wastewater treatment simulation was created by using the BioWin software (Envirosim Associates, USA) in order to examine functioning of the plant and test the effects of several possible modifications of the process. A good agreement with the qualities of the influent and effluent determined by laboratory analyses was achieved after model calibration. The results of simulations showed a tenfold decrease in the total nitrogen concentration and a fortyfold decrease in the total phosphorous concentration in the effluent after introducing the following modifications to the simulated process: ferric chloride dosing, increasing dosing of acetate in the anoxic reactor by a factor of seven, increasing of the waste activated sludge rate by a factor of four and increasing the recirculation flow rate by a factor of three.