Background: The term stress refers to the internal state of the organism (sometimes labeled as "load"), an external event ("stressor"), an experience created by the transaction of a person and the environment. Stress is an extremely used term in all areas of human activity. It is a natural phenomenon and a companion of mankind since its very existence. Although a large number of professional and scientific articles related to the concept of stress and reaction to stress have been published during the last 60 years, various authors state that not all concepts are clearly and unambiguously defined in this field. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present different theories of stress and to familiarize the reader about the consequences of everyday stress on human health. Methods: The subject of research is stress and its impact on health in today's modern world. The type of research on this topic is based on a retrospective and descriptive method based on the use of published articles in the PubMed and Scopus index databases. Results and Discussion: Therefore, different theories of stress define differently the concept of stress, reactions to stress, coping with stress and the consequences of a stressful event. Studies on stress was started by Hans Selye in the thirties of the 20th century. Understanding stress as the organism's reaction to various physical and physiological stressors, Selye also became the originator of the first, so-called of the reductionist model in the study of stress. Another theoretical approach in the concepts of stress boils down to the explanation that stress is determined by the nature of the stressor. This paradigm has been offered since the late sixties of the 20th century and is called the interactionist model of stress. At the same time as the interactionist model, a third, transactional model in the study of stress appeared, created by Richard Lazarus. According to this model, the consequences of a stressful transaction are the result of the interplay of personal and external factors that continuously affect each other. Conclusion: The stress is a state in which the psychophysical balance of the organism is disturbed and which, in order to adapt, requires additional efforts. Circumstances that cause stress are also called stressors. Among the psychological changes characteristic of stress, the most pronounced are changes in the sphere of emotional processes. Emotional reactions characteristic of stress are most often anxiety, anger and sadness, and shame, guilt, oversaturation can also occur. After a traumatic or other intense stress (related to losses or diagnosed with an incurable disease), emotional flattening can occur. Changes in psychological functioning during stress can be so intense that they take on the dimensions of a psychological crisis.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant disease that predominantly affects women, with known genetic components such as mutations in tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Other risk factors include unhealthy lifestyles, lack of physical activity, and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes. Aging also plays a role in BC development, with hormonal influences such as estrogen and progesterone promoting cancer growth. Material and Methods: Research was conducted using data collection tools for risk factors and tumor markers from primary healthcare unit records. The sample comprised 200 women, divided into two groups based on BC diagnosis, with complete medical documentation. Male BC cases were excluded. Results: Statistical significance was found between genetic components, family history, aging, obesity, alcohol and cigarette consumption, longer hormone exposure, and female BC development using the Chi-Square test, confirmed by Fisher's Exact test. Tumor markers CA 15-3, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125 were useful for BC screening and metastasis detection, as determined by the One Sample T-test. In Sarajevo Canton, invasive ductal BC was the most common type among women, while lobular carcinoma in situ was the least common. Conclusion: Correlations between risk factors, including aging, unhealthy lifestyles, and hormone exposure, and increased BC risk were confirmed. Tumor markers CA 15-3, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125 were effective in diagnosis, screening, and metastasis detection in females, with sensitivity for regression detection at 81.8% and specificity at 100%.

The aim of the research was to examine the prevalence of unpleasant emotional states among students. An online survey was conducted in the month of April, 2023, and the participants were students of public universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (N=170). Among the measuring instruments used was the DASS-21questionnaire (The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, Lovibond and Lovibond 1995) and a sociodemographic questionnaire, constructed for the purposes of this research. It is expected that students will experience unpleasant emotional states such as anxiety, depression and stress, and that there will be certain differences in the manifestation of symptoms with regard to gender and age. The obtained findings showed that 34.3% of the subjects are in the category of moderate, severe and extremely severe depressive symptoms, then 49,9% of the subjects feel moderate, severe or extremly severe anxiety, while 38.2% of the subjects show moderate, severe and extremly severe symptoms of stress. As for gender and age differences, the results show that female students are more susceptible to the prevalence of unpleasant emotional states, while the hypotesis related to age differences was not confirmed. Namely, the findings indicate that there are no age differences in the manifestation of unpleasant emotional states. Considering the obtained findings, we believe that it is necessary to raise awareness about the significant growing problems of mental health among students and to highlight the need for preventive and intervention programs at universities.