Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have unprecedented and unforeseeable consequences, from those on a worldwide/global level to those at the local level–at the level of local communities and families, and individuals (and not just humans, but all other living beings), of which the future will testify in various ways. Objective: This work presents principles of treatment health care protection of people who has consequences of the colaps of helatcare sytem in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) during Corona pandemic time and proposals how to make it better, with a focus on indications and restrictions for use different methods of education medical staff and how to improve therapeutic modalities by professional staff by education with new ICTs. Methods: System analysis of Public health sector in BiH which has felt down as consequences of great influence of rough political system generaly and at Cantonal and Community levels need to be meta analized by publich health care experts and by most influential health managers who can help to improve distroid current Health Care System at all levels, from Primary to Terciray level of ih heakth care protection. Results: The health system in BiH was unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. The unpreparedness of the health system varied in individual areas. The reasons for the unpreparedness of the health system in responding to the pandemic are the organization of the state of BiH by the Dayton Peace Agreement, according to which the health system is fragmented and regulated by law, without the possibility of its harmonization, coordination and interconnection. This pandemic period has clearly shown that “public health” as a medical discipline has been and remains a peripheral concern of society, that is, it has always been put on the back burner. The reason for this is the constant favoring of clinical disciplines, which is not disputed as a need, but this situation has shownhow much public health is needed and called upon when solving such pandemics, which have become a planetary problem. Proof of the previous statement is the very small number of epidemiologists and social medicine specialists in BiH. Conclusion: The response of the health system of BiH as a whole to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic was inadequate, untimely, unprepared, unprofessional, chaotic, misinformed and with a lot of politicking, quasi-leadership and, in the end, it will turn out to be influenced by crime. This led to a high rate of illness and death, led to a great burden on the unprepared health system and setbacks in economic and social terms.

U radu se upoređuju tri metode za estimaciju i kompenzaciju poremećaja u diskretnim sistemima sa kliznim režimom (KR). Prva metoda koristi Luenbergerov opserver poremećaja, druga - nominalni model upravljanog objekta, a treća - integral signala klizne funkcije. Cilj rada je da pokaže ekvivalentnost navedenih metoda u primeni na diskretne sisteme upravljanja sa KR u nominalnim uslovima na jednostavnom sistemu upravljanja objektom prvog reda tipa čistog integratora. Poseban doprinos rada je modifikovani estimator poremećaja koji kombinuje Luenbergerov estimator sa estimatorom na osnovu integrala klizne funkcije. Teorijski rezultati su ilustrovani simulacionim eksperimentima.

Background: The clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) depend on the localization of the damaged region in the brain. Cognitive functions are often impaired following a stroke. Initially, CVD was referred to as atherosclerotic dementia, and was distinguished from senile dementia. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how stroke severity and localization influence the development of vascular dementia (VD) and to identify which cognitive functions are impaired in certain types of VD. Methods: This prospective study included patients with acute stroke who were hospitalized at the Department of Neurology Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, over a one-year period. Patients were divided into the following groups: dementia of strategic infarct (DSI), cortical dementia (CD), subcortical dementia (SCD), haemorrhagic dementia (HD) and non-demented patient (NDP). Stroke localization, side and number of lesions were analyzed. Results: A total of 274 stroke patients were analyzed, of whom 190 (69%) were diagnosed with some type of VD. The odds ratio (OR) for the occurrence of dementia per point increase in NIHSS on admission was 1.131 (95% CI; 1.056 – 1.210). CD was more common in patients with right hemisphere lesions (p<0.000), whereas SCD was more frequent in those with bihemispheric lesions (p<0.0001). All assessed cognitive functions were significantly associated with CD and SCD (p<0.000). Visual perceptual (p=0.007) and visual constructive (p=0.016) functions were significantly impaired in patients with DSI. Executive functions were significantly impaired in all demented patients (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Stroke localization has a significant impact on the development of vascular dementia. All analyzed cognitive functions are significantly impaired in cortical and subcortical dementia. Visual perceptual and visual constructive functions are particularly impaired in patients with dementia of strategic infarct.

Background: Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that affects language comprehension and production, typically occurring after brain damage. It is a frequent clinical manifestation of both benign and malignant brain tumors, particularly when lesions are localized in language-dominant areas. Objective: To assess the prevalence and characterize the types of aphasia in patients with intracranial tumors, emphasizing its clinical significance and the importance of early speech-language evaluation. Methods: This prospective study included patients with confirmed brain tumors diagnosed through neuroimaging (CT or MRI of the neurocranium), who were hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, over a one-year period. Patients with pre-existing aphasia of any etiology, as well as those who had not acquired reading and writing skills, were excluded. All assessments were performed prior to surgical intervention using the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Results: Aphasia was diagnosed in 25 patients (27.5%). The most common type was anomic aphasia in 10 patients (40%), followed by Broca’s aphasia in 7 patients (28%), transcortical motor aphasia in 3 patients (12%), and transcortical sensory aphasia in 1 patient (4%). The highest number of patients with aphasia had tumors localized in the left temporal lobe, followed by the parietal and temporoparietal regions. Conclusion: Aphasia is a common clinical finding in patients with intracranial tumors, affecting more than one-quarter of the studied population. The distribution of aphasia types is consistent with the localization of lesions in language-dominant areas, particularly the left temporal lobe. Early recognition and detailed speech-language assessment are essential for timely intervention, rehabilitation planning, and optimizing functional outcomes.

This paper examines the implementation of Industry 4.0 elements in enhancing the quality of cables and connectors in the automotive industry, with a focus on meeting ISO 16949 requirements. Modern quality control solutions are presented, including smart sensors, digital twins, and predictive analytics. Special emphasis is placed on multi-stage testing methods and process digitalization for quality monitoring. Through a case study from the company Leoni, the impact of QRQC, Q4.0, and Q-Loop systems on defect reduction in the production of BMW components is analyzed. The paper demonstrates how the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies enhances reliability, efficiency, and compliance with automotive industry standards.

The functional performance and in-service quality of products are strongly influenced by surface roughness, which is a direct outcome of material removal processes. In general, surface roughness is function by the input parameters of the machining process and the extent of tool wear, the increase of which leads to an increase cutting forces, torque, acoustic emission level, vibrations, and temperature. Finding the dependence between machining parameters, tool wear indicators, and surface roughness parameters enables real-time prediction of surface quality and contributes to appropriate processing quality. In this study, based on data obtained through experiment conducted using the Taguchi design of experiment, predictive models were developed using multiple regression analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN). These models establish a relationship between input drilling parameters, axial drilling force, and the maximum height of the surface roughness profile.

Background: Assessment of the fetal nervous system - both in its anatomical structure and functional behaviour - has long been a challenge in perinatal medicine. Recent advances in ultrasound technology, especially 3D and 4D ultrasound, now allow detailed real-time observation of fetal anatomy and behavior. The development and maturation of the fetal brain in utero (and its continuity into extrauterine life) is a complex dynamic process: fetal neurobehavior is thought to follow a reproducible, gestational-age–dependent pattern that reflects neurological integrity. If normative fetal neurodevelopmental stages could be recognized and standardized, then deviations - abnormal neurobehaviors - could be identified, enabling prompt prenatal diagnosis of nervous-system pathology. Objective: The aim of this study was to emphasize the potential of 4D ultrasound–based fetal neurobehavioral evaluation (specifically with the Kurjak Antenatal Neurodevelopmental Test, KANET) in detecting abnormal neurobehavior prenatally, and to underline how this method may allow early identification of fetuses at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment. Methods: Review of the concept of fetal neurobehavioral assessment using 4D ultrasound. The KANET test applies 4D ultrasound to observe fetal behavior (movements, facial expressions, general/isolated movements) across gestation, akin to how neonates are neurologically assessed postnatally. By standardizing a scoring system for fetal behaviors relative to gestational age, KANET distinguishes between normal, borderline, and abnormal fetal neurobehavior. Evidence from multicenter studies and clinical/practice settings is considered to assess the feasibility and predictive value of KANET. Results: a) 4D ultrasound makes it possible to observe a wide repertoire of fetal behaviors (limb movements, facial expressions, mouth movements, hand-to-face, general movements), with increasing complexity and organization through gestation - reflecting central nervous system (CNS) maturation. PubMed+2De Gruyter Brill+2; b) Application of KANET in both low-risk and high-risk pregnancies (including growth-restricted and diabetic pregnancies) has shown significant differences in fetal behavior patterns. PubMed+2journaljammr.com+2; c) Postnatal follow-up in some studies found that fetuses with abnormal prenatal KANET scores indeed displayed adverse neurological outcomes - suggesting KANET’s potential as a predictive tool. PubMed+2PubMed+2; d) A recent systematic review (2025) found consistent evidence that behaviors observed via 4D ultrasound (e.g., yawning, hand-to-face, startle, general movements) increase in complexity between approx. 24–34 weeks gestation, coinciding with known neurodevelopmental milestones (e.g., thalamocortical connectivity). PubMed+1; e) However, despite growing evidence for structured fetal behavior as a marker of neural integration, the review cautions that such behaviors cannot yet be equated with consciousness or subjective awareness. PubMed+1.- Conclusion: The advent of 3D/4D ultrasound - and standardized tools like KANET - enables non-invasive prenatal assessment not only of fetal anatomy but also of functional neurodevelopment. Observing and scoring fetal behavior provides a promising avenue for early detection of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. While current evidence supports the use of KANET in clinical practice to identify fetuses at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, interpretation should remain cautious: observed behaviors likely reflect maturation and neural integration but do not equate to consciousness. Further large-scale, long-term follow-up studies are needed to solidify the predictive validity and clinical utility of prenatal neurobehavioral assessment.