<p style="text-align: justify;">The top topic of the 21st century is hydrogen. Europe has adopted goals for a clean industry and established a century-long timeline for implementing its plans. This fact places hydrogen technologies in a civilizational dimension equal to regional values. The decarbonization of industry, transport, and energy is locked in. As things stand now, the key to success lies in hydrogen technology. There are no more scientific discoveries that represent civilizational breakthroughs. Science and scientific research are now playing a role similar to medical rehabilitation. The world, or civilization, is like an ailing patient for whom science is the only cure.The solution lies in renewable energy sources, and in the end, about 40% of the decarbonization effort remains dependent on green hydrogen. All other options are transformative, while the final transition relies on the development of hydrogen technologies or a hydrogen economy. Energy agreements are one of the fundamental prerequisites or signposts on the transition map. Within the broader European plan aimed at reducing the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy efficiency, the goal is to achieve a clean industry, energy, and transport without a carbon footprint. Is this possible?</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key technology in the development of smart cities, enabling the connection of different devices and systems for more efficient management of urban resources. By integrating IoT solutions into the everyday infrastructure of cities, it is possible to improve the quality of life of citizens, optimize resource consumption and ensure sustainable development. One of the significant examples of IoT applications is smart lighting, where street lighting automatically adjusts according to the presence of people or vehicles, thereby achieving significant energy savings and increasing safety. Traffic management using sensors and smart traffic lights allows for reduced congestion, better management of vehicle flow and faster response in case of accidents. Also, air quality monitoring through networked sensors allows for continuous monitoring of pollutants in real time, which provides city authorities with the data needed for timely environmental measures. By using IoT technologies, smart cities become more flexible, adaptable and efficient, and data collected in real time enables informed decisions that improve urban life.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">This paper deals with the implementation of smart governance in a smart city. The goal of this implementation is to improve the quality of life for citizens in pilot municipalities. This would be achieved through the application of modern digital and technological solutions in an urban environment. Implementation ensures more efficient use of resources, improved public services, greater sustainability and environmental awareness, as well as encouraging citizen participation in decision-making processes. During 2024, research was conducted on the application of new technologies in public administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this research was to determine the state of digitalization in BiH, and how ready service users are for personalized services&mdash;self-service options&mdash;and for accepting services offered by public administration. At the beginning of 2025, another study was carried out to analyze the perception of citizens, experts, and decision-makers regarding the concept of the smart city. The results obtained enabled us to identify key challenges and opportunities for its implementation in smart cities. Part of these findings is presented in this paper. The research results will serve as the basis for work on a project that supports sustainable urban development and enhances the quality of life through innovative solutions. In this way, it contributes to the creation of more efficient, sustainable, and technologically advanced cities that meet the needs of modern society.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">From the point of view of food safety, it is necessary to ensure that consumers and all other participants in the safety assurance system maintain confidence in the risk management process that is based on the existing well-structured legislative framework, which takes into account expertly based risk assessment, and which has as its ultimate goal the protection of health and interests of consumers. The paper reviewed the role of management in the implementation of new standards and common regulations in the European Union, where the so-called "Hygiene Packages" are being implemented. The production conditions from the Food Law in Bosnia and Herzegovina and common EU regulations were also considered. The results of research by the Food Safety Agency, which provides expert advice for technical support to the legislation and policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina in all areas that have a direct or indirect impact on food safety, were considered. It was concluded that food safety directly depends on the management's skills to ensure timely decision-making in the implementation of the Quality Policy and Environmental Policy by integrating lower levels. What represents a challenge in Bosnia and Herzegovina is that food production plants do not pay enough attention to waste management, which is the task of management.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">The progress of modern society is directly linked to advancements and innovations in information and communication technologies. The new economic and social opportunities that are part of this progress have transformed the urban landscape and led to the emergence of smart cities. Residential buildings, vehicles, and social systems strive to achieve complete connectivity known as the "Internet of Things" (IoT). The use of the IoT in smart cities generates a massive amount of data that must be collected and analyzed. To do this effectively, artificial intelligence (AI) applications are used, as they are the only ones capable of processing such large volumes of data from various sources. Through AI algorithms, it is possible to continuously monitor data, analyze it, optimize resource usage, simplify decision-making, and facilitate the resolution of key urban life challenges in smart cities. This paper explores the ways in which the integration of AI and IoT can contribute to the improvement of various urban aspects. The primary focus of the paper is to highlight the transformative potential of such integration in the scenarios of smart cities.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">The convergence of advanced materials science and circular economy principles is redefining the future of sustainable engineering. This paper explores the transformative role of biocomposites, nanomaterials, and smart materials in minimizing environmental impact and fostering resource-efficient production systems. By integrating these materials into industrial processes, manufacturers can significantly enhance product durability, recyclability, and energy efficiency. A critical aspect of this transition lies in the redesign of production chains, aligning them with circular economy frameworks to reduce waste, extend product lifecycles, and create closed-loop systems. Through a multidisciplinary lens, this study examines the synergy between material innovation and circular economy strategies, offering insights into how engineering advancements can mitigate environmental footprints while fostering economic resilience. By embracing cutting-edge technologies and sustainable design principles, industries can pave the way for a future where efficiency, adaptability, and ecological responsibility are seamlessly integrated into manufacturing ecosystems.</p>

Climate change is expected to reduce the distribution range of major tree species in Europe. As a result, rare and underutilized tree species are gaining importance, despite limited research on their ecological characteristics. One such species is wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz), which has the potential to enhance the resistance, resilience, and adaptability of forest ecosystems to climate change. This paper provides an overview of previous research on its autecology, silvicultural characteristics, dispersal potential, and response to climate change. Wild service tree is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and southwestern Asia. It exhibits broad ecological tolerance and thrives in various soil types, with a preference for deep, humus-rich soils while avoiding dry sandy and marshy conditions. In the Balkans, it grows at altitudes between 250 and 1400 meters above sea level, predominantly in thermofillic oak and beech forests, and less frequently in pine communities on sunny exposures. The species tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions, including low winter temperatures and summer droughts. Natural regeneration occurs primarily through root suckers, with seed-based regeneration being less frequent. For successful establishment, young plants should be planted in small groups within cleared patches of oak and beech forests. Post-planting protection against browsing and damage from rodents is essential. From the sapling stage onward, it requires high light availability for optimal growth. Due to limited seed production and strong competition from other tree species, the natural spread of wild service tree is relatively slow. Its expansion is more likely in cleared thermophilic habitats and can be accelerated through targeted afforestation efforts. Wild service tree exhibits high drought tolerance, making it a valuable species for areas affected by climate change. Its range is expected to expand in sessile oak and thermophilic beech forests. When combined with other drought-resistant tree species, it may contribute to stabilizing forest structures and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Adipose tissue is a metabolically active organ with both endocrine and paracrine functions. It secretes a number of cytokines (adipocytokines) that play critical roles in the development of metabolic diseases and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the product of an obese protein (leptin), a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and dyslipidaemia. Moreover, leptin has been identified as a potential and valuable therapeutic molecule for the treatment of glycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and T2D. The aim of this study was to analyse the concentration of obesity protein as an adipocytokine in a population from Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study included 26 partici - pants: 13 healthy subjects as the control group, and 13 untreated diabetics. Biochemical parameter, such as glucose, glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, and concentrations of the hormones leptin and insulin were analysed. Biochemical parameters were determined using standard IFCC methods, while leptin and insulin concentrations were analysed using an ELISA assay. The measured concentration of obesity protein in plasma was significantly higher ( p < 0.001) in diabetics compared to healthy subjects, with females exhibiting higher leptin levels than males in both groups. Significant differences in concentrations of bi - ochemical characteristics between the diabetic and control groups ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively) were also observed, with elevated values noted particularly in females. These results suggest that leptin can serve as a biomarker for glucose and lipid regulation in untreated diabetic patients.

To achieve consensus on the definition and clinical approach of Monogenic Inflammatory Immune Dysregulation Disorders (MIIDDs), a collective term for rare conditions marked by inflammation, immune dysregulation, and infection susceptibility. These consensus guidelines specifically apply to pathogenic (or likely pathogenic) gene mutations affecting both innate and adaptive immunity, excluding variants of unknown significance (VUS). A multi-step, evidence-based, multidisciplinary consensus process was employed, consisting of: (1) a systematic literature review across four electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE via PubMed), updated through December 31, 2024; (2) a pre-Delphi electronic survey completed by 95 international adult and pediatric immunologists and rheumatologists; and (3) a modified online Delphi process with an international multidisciplinary expert panel, where statements were iteratively analyzed and refined until achieving consensus (≥ 80% agreement among panelists). Fifteen experts from 12 countries participated in two rounds of the Delphi process, resulting in the development of eight overarching principles and 10 consensus statements. These were categorized into five domains: (1) definitions and conceptual framework, (2) diagnostic and monitoring considerations, (3) treatment and therapeutic strategies, (4) multidisciplinary and collaborative care, and (5) patient education and support. This consensus defines MIIDDs and provides a structured clinical framework to streamline research efforts and improve patient outcomes.

In this article, we review the extensive and complex fabric of literature concerning the ontogenesis of spatial representations from earliest childhood to the elderly, including normal and abnormal aging (dementia and Alzheimer’s disease). We also revisit fundamental concepts of the neuronal representations of space, egocentric vs. allocentric reference frames, and path integration. We highlight a thread of contradictions in spatial cognition from infant cognition to the first breakthrough at around the age of four. The contradictions reemerge in the literature on age-related decline in spatial cognition. We argue that these contradictions derive from the incorrect assumption that path integration is exclusively associated with allocentric frames of references, hence, signatures of path integration are often taken as evidence for allocentric perspective-taking. We posit that several contradictions in the literature can be resolved by acknowledging that path integration is agnostic to the type of reference frame and can be implemented in both egocentric and allocentric frames of reference. By freeing the frames of reference from path integration, we arrive at a developmental trajectory consistent across cognitive development studies, enabling us to ask questions that may dissolve the obscurity of this topic. The new model also sheds light on the very early stage of spatial cognition.

In this study, polyphenolic compounds from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) were extracted using different extraction methods. Three techniques were applied for polyphenol extraction: Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and maceration. These methods varied in the time required for extraction and the yield of dry extract. For Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction, two solvents were used: methanol and ethanol. While maceration is simple and cost-effective, it was found to be the least efficient method for extraction. The removal of ethanol and methanol from the extracts was successfully achieved through evaporation, ensuring the purity of the extracts.The results obtained showed that Soxhlet extraction with methanol gave the highest yield of 33.5% compared to the ethanol solvent with 30.45%.Ultrasound-assisted extraction also yielded significant results, but the difference in yield was more pronounced depending on the solvent used. The goal of this study was to determine and present the efficiency of each extraction method. Further research will focus on assessing the antioxidant capacity of the extracted polyphenolic compounds.

The saddle-point solutions for strong-laser-field-induced high-order above-threshold ionization, the complete classification of which was recently presented in , are considered classically. In the limit of vanishing ionization potential the system of saddle-point equations simplifies, allowing a semi-analytical treatment. For a monochromatic field, the analytical nonlinear equations obtained this way allow one to determine the maximum (cutoff) photoelectron energies for the backward- and forward-scattering saddle-point solutions for all values of the multi-indices introduced by our classification scheme. These cutoffs are determined for all photoelectron momenta and it is shown how the backward-scattering solutions from one half of the momentum plane are related to the forward-scattering solutions from the other. The case of a bichromatic linearly polarized field is analyzed in detail. The results are rederived with the help of a simple graphical method, which can be used to qualitatively discuss the effect of varying the field parameters. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

This article provides an overview of Direct Energy Deposition – Arc technology (DED-Arc), also known as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), which involves the deposition of metal wire using an arc power source and a CNC or robotic manipulator. The high deposition rate of WAAM justifies its use for the manufacturing of small to large-size components with lower resolution and less complex geometry. However, the use of wire as feedstock in the WAAM process has certain advantages and disadvantages, which are explained in detail. The WAAM specialties are in-situ alloying and the production of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Various sensors, path planning, process control, and FEM simulation from WAAM are used to reduce material and energy consumption and make the process more sustainable. Post-processing techniques are also discussed as a method of improving the quality of the final product. Finally, the prospects of the WAAM process are presented.