Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common complication after cardiac surgery, increasing morbidity, ICU stay, dialysis need, hospitalization length, and costs. Despite prophylactic strategies, POAF incidence remains high, especially in moderate and high risk patients. Objective: To assess the effect of amiodarone on POAF incidence and onset timing in moderate and high risk patients. Methods: This prospective observational study included 454 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Risk stratification of patients was based on the McSPI AFRisk Index, compared with the POAF Score and CHA2DS2-VASc Score. Moderate and high risk patients received amiodarone in combination with beta blockers (Amiodarone group), while low risk patients received beta blockers only. The primary outcome was POAF incidence, analyzed via Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Secondary analysis compared POAF rates between groups using the χ2 test. Results: POAF occurred in 5.95% of the Amiodarone group versus 9.25% in the beta blocker group (overall incidence: 15.2%). The relative risk reduction was 27% (RR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.105-0.689, p = 0.006). POAF incidence was significantly lower in the Amiodarone group (p = 0.008, χ2 test). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed delayed POAF onset in the Amiodarone group (median: 48h vs. 33h, p = 0.0007). Cox regression confirmed a 73% lower risk of early POAF (HR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.105-0.689, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Amiodarone combined with beta blockers reduces POAF incidence and delays its onset after CABG. Keywords: POAF, CABG, amiodarone, risk stratification. Keywords: Body Dysmorphia, PCOS patients, prevalence.

Kupres cheese is hard, full-fat cheese made at Kupres plateau, rich in pastures region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In last decades this cheese became popular among consumers and known by its quality which was proven by manny awards and recognitions obtained at exibitions and fairs in wider region. While its technology, chemical composition and sensory quality are already described in some paper’s articles data on its physical properties related to sensory profile are yet scarce. Thus, the aim of this work is to give an overwiev of the history data, chemical and sensory features with emphasize to new results on physical properties of Kupres cheese and their connection with sensory quality.

Red clover is an important perennial fodder plant for the production of quality fodder. Since it can be successfully produced even on soils of poorer quality, it is increasingly present in the sowing structure, primarily in hilly and mountainous areas. Trials were carried out on eight genotypes of red clover over several years. There were no significant differences between the average values of stem thickness and plant height of the two first cuttings from the two experimental years. The first cutting of the second year had the highest height (80.0 cm). Genotype 1 had the highest average height (78.0 cm) and leaflet length (45.52 mm). Genotype 6 had the lowest average plant height (74.0 cm), number of stems (7.15), stem thickness (3.31 mm) and leaflet length (36.68 mm). Genotypes 6 and 8 had the widest leaflet in the first cut of the second year of testing (28.94 and 28.93 mm). Aside from plant height, no significant differences were found between the genotypes. Nevertheless, all other examined variables showed statistically significant differences across clover cuttings and genotypes. The average values of the number of stems per plant, the length and width of leaflet in the first clover cut of the first year, and second clover cut of the second year were not statistically significantly different. Red clover is most productive in the first cutting of the second year of life, as confirmed by these investigations, which yielded the greatest values for the majority of the investigated features.

Background: Gentamicin is a potent, broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of many infections. Gentamicin can induce hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress and apoptosis. Since melatonin has antioxidant properties, its protective effects on liver tissue damage were evaluated in this study. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct our investigation to assess the hepatoprotective effects of melatonin in rats treated with gentamicin. Methods: Forty eight adult male Wistar rats were used. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of equal size. During the period of 11 days, three control groups of rats were daily injected i.p. with the vehicle or with melatonin at a dose of 5 or 10 mg/kg. The gentamicin group was injected with gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg during 8 days and vehicle for 11 days. The other two experimental groups were administered gentamicin (80 mg/kg during) 8 days and melatonin (doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg) 3 days before and 8 days concomitantly with melatonin. Obtained liver sections were analyzed using qualitative, semi-quantitative, and stereological analysis. Results: Gentamicin expressed hepatotoxic effects inducing congestion of lobular blood vessels, hydropic degeneration of periportal hepatocytes and mononuclear infiltration in the portal tract. Treatment with gentamicin resulted in an increase in the Vv of blood vessels, a decrease in the Vv of hepatocytes, and a decrease in the glycogen content in all three lobular zones. Melatonin administration reduced the liver alterations induced by gentamicin; the higher dose had a more potent protective effect. Conclusion: Melatonin has a beneficial effect on gentamicin-induced liver damage and the effect is dose-dependent.

Regardless of the geopolitical and economic challenges the world as well as the European Union (EU) face, it appears that these issues have not, in the slightest, affected the EU's commitment to the green transition. The European Commission continues to provide strong support to member countries in implementing reforms that encourage the green transition. In conditions of sluggish economic growth, the investments in the green transition are characterized as a significant driver of economic growth. This paper analyzes and evaluates the implications of the EU's green transformation on the economic development of the Western Balkans (WB), with a special focus on the Green Deal and climate neutrality. The Green Deal represents the EU's key strategy for achieving climate goals and transitioning to a sustainable, green economy. Through an analytical approach, the impacts of the green transformation and related policies on the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the region are explored, considering the global Green Economy Index. The research methodology includes cluster analysis and analysis of the green economy index to assess the correlation between factors of the green economy and economic development, considering financial, institutional, and legal aspects of the Green Deal. Additionally, a comparison of development according to the Green Economy Index is applied to identify the position, potential, but also limitations of the Western Balkans in this context. Key indicators of the green economy, such as investments in renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure, are analyzed in terms of their impact on macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, etc., in the Western Balkans. The paper identifies a range of opportunities for economic development, including increasing investments in renewable energy sources and developing sustainable infrastructure projects, but at the same time recognizes limitations, such as a lack of capacity, financial resources and public sector support to implement sustainable policies. Furthermore, there is a risk of increasing economic and social inequalities in the process of green transformation, as well as potential negative environmental consequences if appropriate measures are not taken.

In addition to the already well-known application in metal production, electroplating, electrochemical energy sources, electrochemistry is also applied in other branches of industry. Today, electrochemical technologies for the treatment of wastewater and drinking water are increasingly present. In recent years, new advanced oxidation processes based on electrochemical technology - Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), have been developed for the treatment of persistent pollutants, which cannot be removed by conventional water treatments. EAOPs are based on “in situ” electrolytic formation of strong oxidants in an electrochemical reactor, able to degrade almost all organic pollutants. Despite their effectiveness in degrading different types of pollutants, the biggest challenge for EAOPs is high electricity demand to power these systems, which can have serious consequences from both an ecological and an economic point of view. The use of electricity from the distribution network to power electrochemical reactors is the biggest barrier to achieving commercial success of this technology. A possible solution to this challenge is the application of direct solar UV radiation to produce electric energy by use of a solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays for power supply of EAOPs. The aim of the research was to demonstrate the feasibility of using EAOPs directly powered by PV systems, as a sustainable system for efficient water treatment.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: diatom alga Achnanthidium rosenstockii, bryoparasitic fungi Arrhenia retiruga and Arrhenia spathulata, saprotrophic fungi Coccomyces dentatus and Hysterobrevium mori, liverworts Lunularia cruciata and Pallavicinia lyellii, fern Salvinia natans, monocots Eleocharis carniolica and Pseudorchis albida and dicots Biscutella laevigata, Fumana arabica, Hieracium ferdinandi-coburgii, Impatiens balfourii, and Onosma pseudoarenaria subsp. fallax

Background: Whatever is done should be systematic, meaning to have an established system of steps from the beginning to the end of the action. Systematicity is especially important in writing a scientific research paper, because the more complex is the topic, the easier it is to make an error. In order to minimize the possibility of errors, many have proposed various mechanisms of systematicity in the form of steps. Objective: The aim and topic of this article is to describe the system of steps in writing a scientific research paper from the birth of an idea, to the publication and presentation of a scientific paper, and to present a scientific research paper as accessible, suitable for work and perhaps even as enjoyment for scientists. Methods: The author used appropriate and relevant sources - books, monographs, published articles, proceedings from the scientific conferences about preparing, publishing, and printing scientific papers which are deposited in the most influential indexed databases in the fields of science editing. Results and Discussion: Scientific research work is of great importance in the development of science, and is one of the key links in the education system, it is part of the culture of the individual and the nation, it contributes to the development of the individual and the community, and it is one of the sources of knowledge. The systematicity of writing a scientific research paper can be broken down into several parts: the scientist preparation, the preparation of the material, the performance of the action, the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data obtained from the research and their final analysis and interpretation for the purposes of publication in scientific and professional journals. The scientist preparation includes the scientist's intention, with which everything begins and which is ultimately an important measure of the quality of the work. At this stage, the scientist should not be affected by the „publish or parish“ syndrome, vanity or the desire for fame, because in these cases he may resort to means of intellectual dishonesty in research and lose honor and reputation. With the view that the works are evaluated and toward the end, we must not neglect the rest of the steps in the creation of scientific research work. Through the preparation of the material, online databases are described, which are a source of important information for anyone who wants to be involved in scientific research. Conclusion: In the step of performing the action, the very act of writing a scientific research paper, its structuring and the rules to be followed when writing the paper are described. The method of publishing the work is also described, as well as guides on how to present the work so that the message sent reaches the audience. By knowing all the steps of creating a scientific research paper, it becomes tempting and accessible to write and publish quality and practically applicable papers.

Background: During the last ten years, there has been a dysplosis in the development of digital libraries, which have taken precedence over classical libraries. Objective: With this article, we want to make a kind of comparison of classic and digital libraries, with a description of the pros and cons of both, so we can easily see their advantages and disadvantages. Methods: Authors used as source published papers deposited in indexed databases like PMC, MEDLINE, HINARI, etc. regardsing to appropriate facts about classic and digital libraries in Bosnia and Herzegovina and wordwide. Results and Discussion: Libraries, even a scientific one, must have professionally trained staff and an appropriate technological infrastructure, the main component of which is the Library Information System (BIS). It is a phrase that refers to an integrated library system, which consists of online databases, digital libraries, electronic books, magazines and various multimedia formats on which information sources are stored (hard disks, CDs, USB sticks, DVDs, etc.). In the past, libraries tended to develop means or instruments that would enable access to documentary resources on the spot, i.e. in the library itself - through the catalog. Later, a lot of effort was invested in the development of an automatic version of these local tools - by creating an online catalog for accessing data about library resources from a distance, such as, for example, (www.cobiss.ba) maintained by the National and University Library in Sarajevo (www.nub.ba) with members of the Virtual Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ViBBIH) consortium. Thanks to information technology, libraries were able to automate their many functions such as: acquisition, loan, material processing and other work procedures that were previously performed manually. The publishing production of databases has enabled libraries to offer users, through free access or licensing, access to the most diverse contents, Conclusion: Thus, digital libraries have numerous advantages, they are organizations that offer resources for use, include professional staff that select, organize, provide intellectual access, explain, distribute, preserve the integrity and ensure the durability of collections of digital works in such a way that they are ready and economically available for use by one or more communities. However, time steps on us every day, and so does technology, and new inventions, computers, cell phones, so I believe that we should not ignore the beauty when we pick up a book and read it. The historical value of books should not be neglected, both for our sake and for the sake of future generations.

Background: Medical deontology rests on two of its pillars. One is medical ethics, and the other is medical law, i.e. legal regulations that regulate work on health protection and improvement. Ethics is of exceptional importance for medicine, due to the specificity of its calling. Objective: The aim of this article was to explaine the role of medical ethics and medical right in the healthcare professional praxis. Methods: The author used important scientific and professional literature regarding medical deontology, medical ethics and medical low published in the books, monographs and papers deposited in the scientific indexed databases PubMed Central, HINARI, Embase, etc. Results and Discussion: The specificity stems, first of all, from the fact that medicine deals with human life and health, which, in itself, carries a great responsibility. The relationships established between medical professionals and patients are also specific. In this relationship, the patient is in a subordinate and dependent position, which creates preconditions for his abuse. Due to the nature of the work, it is difficult to establish external supervision or control in order to prevent these abuses. This in turn emphasizes the importance of internal supervision and control with the help of medical ethics. Medical ethics sensitizes medical professionals to problems of an ethical nature and helps them recognize and solve them. Medical ethics is, in fact, a set of principles or rules of conduct that a medical professional must follow when making decisions about what is right and wrong, what is permitted and prohibited, what is good and bad for the patient, but also for the community. Making these decisions is often not easy. Conclusion: There are ethical principles that can conflict, which leads to ethical dilemmas, which are sometimes difficult to resolve. Take, for example, the obligation of a doctor to take into account the interests of the patient and to maintain his medical confidentiality. At the same time, however, he must also take care of the interests of the community or other persons. There are cases when the health, and even the lives of those other persons, could be endangered without revealing the medical confidentiality. Medical ethics helps resolve such and similar dilemmas.

Background: The scientific knowledge was improving because is the base doubles every 5 to 6 years, and in some domains of medicine even faster. So, it is simply no longer possible to „inject“ all medical knowledge into students, regardless of their previous educational level. Educating medical students is process which depands of assessing appropriate changes in medical education. Objective: The purpose of this article was to present the role of the learning process of "acquiring knowledge or abilities or modifying behavior through to dayly practice“, because the traditional or classic way of studying medicine implies the oral and practical transfer of knowledge and skills from educators to students. Methods: The author used the most influential index databases as a source for collecting of relevant facts about important Information-Communication Technologies (ICTs) which today commonly and actualy used in practice for educational process in the current fields of biomedicine worldwide. Results and Discussion: Modern information technologies (IT) have enabled faster, more reliable and comprehensive data collection. These technologies have started to create a large number of irrelevant information, which represents a limiting factor and a real growing gap, between the medical knowledge on one hand, and the ability of doctors to follow its growth on the other. The term technology is generally reserved for its technical component. Education means, learning, teaching, or the process of acquiring skills or behavior modification through various exercises. Traditionally, medical education meant the oral, practical and more passive transferring of knowledge and skills from the educators to students and health professionals. For the clinical disciplines, of special importance are the principles, such as "learning at bedside", aided by the medical literature. In doing so, these techniques enable students to contact with their teachers, and to refer to the appropriate literature. The disadvantage of these educational methods is in the fact, that teachers often do not have enough time. Additionally they are not very convenient to the horizontal and vertical integration of teaching, create weak or almost no self education, as well as, low skill levels and poor integration of education with a real social environment. Conclusion: In this paper authors described application of modern ICTs in medical education and their advantages and disadvantages comparing with traditional ways of education. In clinical medicine, „learning at the patient's bedside“ is especially important, whereby knowledge is expanded and supplemented with appropriate medical literature. In the all fields of biomedicine in recent decades are in significant correlation with the advances in the information technologies. Current biomedicine studies must be given a solid foundation in the field of using computer's technologies to improve process information, support decision-making, select the right treatments, and develop their abilities to the students as "lifelong learners".

Background/Aim. Patients classified as belonging to simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI) class 0 are considered to have low-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). Yet, certain laboratory and echocardiographic parameters not accounted for in the sPESI score might suggest a likelihood of worse outcomes in PE cases. This study seeks to determine if the prognostic value of the sPESI score in acute PE can be improved, refined, and optimised by incorporating brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin I (TnI) levels, echocardiographic parameters, or glomerular filtration rate. Methods. The study encompassed 1,201 consecutive patients diagnosed with PE, confirmed by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Upon admission, each patient underwent an echocardiography exam, and blood samples were taken to measure B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin I (TnI), creatinine, and other routine laboratory markers. Results. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.5%. The patients were categorized into three groups using the three-level sPESI model: sPESI 0, sPESI 1, and sPESI ≥ 2. Statistically significant differences were found among these groups regarding mortality rates, TnI values, BNP levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the presence of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD). Cox regression analysis identified eGFR as the most reliable predictor of 30-day all-cause mortality [HR 2.24 (CI 1.264-3.969); p = 0.006] across all sPESI categories. However, incorporating TnI, BNP, or RVD did not improve risk prediction beyond the three-level sPESI model. Conclusion. Renal dysfunction at the time of admission is closely related to an elevated risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute PE. The three-level sPESI score offers a more accurate method for prognostic stratification in these patients.

Background/Aim. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs very often in operated patients. This increasingly frequent complication compromises the recovery of operated patients, impairs the quality of life of patients and their families, prolongs the length of hospital stay, and increases the cost of treatment. The aim of the study was to examine the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ?4 allele and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with the occurrence of POCD seven days and three months after colon cancer surgery (CCS) under general anesthesia (GA). Methods. A total of 113 patients aged 18 to 87 years who underwent CCS under GA in the period from 2021 to 2023 participated in the study. Preoperative preparation, anesthesia, and postoperative treatment were uniform and standardized for all patients. The assessment of cognitive status was conducted using the Mini Mental State Examination psychometric test on the day before surgery, on the seventh postoperative day, and three months after surgery. Results. Seven days after surgery, a statistically significant impairment of cognitive functions was found in patients with the APOE ?4 allele in their genotype (p = 0.007). Patients 65 years old or above were more likely to have POCD three months after surgery compared to younger patients (80.0% vs. 52.9%; p = 0.003). Conclusion. The presence of the APOE ?4 allele is a potential predictor of the occurrence of POCD seven days after surgery, and age is a significant sociodemographic factor for the occurrence of POCD three months after CCS is performed under GA.