Modern technologies provide advanced knowledge and prepare students for lifelong learning. They affect both education and upbringing. Electronic learning is now inevitable. The main goal is to create a modern school through information technology, and to abandon the current traditional way of working. Electronic learning offers many learning advantages where we will point out some of its most important features in the paper, and we will give guidance on how to apply it through several tasks related to the attitudes and opinions of teachers and students about its use, better results, more motivation for learning and similar. We have come up with a result where students and teachers advocate learning through information technology in classroom teaching and want to apply them in their work.

We address the problem of state estimation, attack isolation, and control for discrete-time Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems under (potentially unbounded) actuator false data injection attacks. Using a bank of Unknown Input Observers (UIOs), each observer leading to an exponentially stable estimation error in the attack-free case, we propose an estimator that provides exponential estimates of the system state and the attack signals when a sufficiently small number of actuators are attacked. We use these estimates to control the system and isolate actuator attacks. Simulations results are presented to illustrate the performance of the results.

Introduction: Living conditions and socioeconomic status are the significant determinants of oral health. The research goal was to analyze the dietary habits of 12-year-old children in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina. Another goal was to investigate the differences in food cariogenicity of children living under different socioeconomic conditions and to determine their relationship with the oral health. Materials and methods: The sample included 109 children, classified in groups of high, average and low socioeconomic status. Based on the survey and examination, data on nutrition and caries experience (DMFT index) were obtained. Results: There was a difference in dietary habits between children living under different conditions. Children of high socioeconomic status (SES) had a more favorable number of daily meals comparing to children of low socioeconomic status. The average DMFT index, as a measure of caries experience of 12-year-old children amounted 4.8(±3.2). Children of high socioeconomic status had significantly lower caries experience than those from average and low statuses (high SES DMFT 3,60±2,84SD vs. middle SES DMFT 5,28±3,83SD and low SES DMFT 5,47±2,53SD; p<0.05). Corresponding Author: Amila Zukanović Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine, University of Sarajevo Bolnička 4, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina e-mail: amila.zukanovic@hotmail.com Socioeconomic condition and dietary habits in relation to oral health in 12-year-old children from Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina

U članku je pružen pregled nastanka i razvoja organizacija Hrvatskog katoličkog pokreta i Katoličke akcije, jednog od najznačajnih događaja Crkve u Hrvata na početku 20. stoljeća. Članak je podijeljen na tri dijela koji korespondiraju s najvažnijim zbivanjima unutar tog razdoblja. To su stvaranje nove južnoslavenske države, razdoblje pseudoparlamentarizma u 20-im godinama prošlog stoljeća te posljednje desetljeće života Kraljevine SHS/Kraljevine Jugoslavije.

ABSTRACT This paper chronicles the ongoing efforts of several groups of Bosnian activists, artists and academics, to create archives of the often forgotten, and nowadays variously threatened, heritage of political and social life during Yugoslav socialism. Postsocialist archives in other parts of Eastern Europe have typically been motivated by the need to ‘settle accounts’ with communism, understood in this context to be a totalitarian project. By contrast, these ongoing archiving efforts in the postwar and postsocialist Bosnia-Herzegovina, are created in order to recuperate and repurpose the unrealized potentials of Yugoslav socialism, and to use this history to reseed contemporary political imaginaries. I show how these post-Yugoslav activist-archives are working to recover a form of transformational historical subjectivity which seems profoundly necessary in the current political moment, marked by political disenchantment and the devastating effects of the postsocialist transition.

Abstract Aims There is debate about the optimum algorithm for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimation. We conducted head-to-head comparisons of four algorithms recommended by primary prevention guidelines, before and after ‘recalibration’, a method that adapts risk algorithms to take account of differences in the risk characteristics of the populations being studied. Methods and results Using individual-participant data on 360 737 participants without CVD at baseline in 86 prospective studies from 22 countries, we compared the Framingham risk score (FRS), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), pooled cohort equations (PCE), and Reynolds risk score (RRS). We calculated measures of risk discrimination and calibration, and modelled clinical implications of initiating statin therapy in people judged to be at ‘high’ 10 year CVD risk. Original risk algorithms were recalibrated using the risk factor profile and CVD incidence of target populations. The four algorithms had similar risk discrimination. Before recalibration, FRS, SCORE, and PCE over-predicted CVD risk on average by 10%, 52%, and 41%, respectively, whereas RRS under-predicted by 10%. Original versions of algorithms classified 29–39% of individuals aged ≥40 years as high risk. By contrast, recalibration reduced this proportion to 22–24% for every algorithm. We estimated that to prevent one CVD event, it would be necessary to initiate statin therapy in 44–51 such individuals using original algorithms, in contrast to 37–39 individuals with recalibrated algorithms. Conclusion Before recalibration, the clinical performance of four widely used CVD risk algorithms varied substantially. By contrast, simple recalibration nearly equalized their performance and improved modelled targeting of preventive action to clinical need.

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the effects of remittances on the educational enrolment of children in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where a process of forced migration made the relocation decision exogenous. Accordingly, this study has no need of methods to address the endogeneity of remittances. Hence, the approach taken means that the measure of educational enrolment is regressed on a set of individual- and household-level variables. In addition, a new approach to estimation is introduced, whereby the effect of remittances is calculated for each income quintile. It is found that the relationship between remittances and educational enrolment is strong among households from the fourth quintile, which includes households just outside the risk of poverty, while for those in poorer quintiles the effect is not significant.

Noise level estimation is a challenging area of digital image processing with a variety of applications, including image enhancement, image segmentation, and feature extraction. In this paper, an adaptive estimation of additive white Gaussian noise level based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of images is proposed. The proposed algorithm aims to improve the performance of noise level estimation in the SVD domain at low noise levels. An initial noise level estimate is used to adjust the parameters of the algorithm in order to increase the accuracy of noise level estimation. The proposed algorithm exhibits the ability to adapt the number of considered singular values and to accordingly adjust the slope of a linear function that describes how the average value of the singular value tail varies with noise levels. Although, for each image, the proposed algorithm performs the noise level estimation twice in two distinct stages, the singular value decompositions are only performed in the first stage of the algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm improves the noise level estimation at low noise levels without a significant increase in computational complexity. At noise level $\sigma = 15$ , the improvements in the mean square level are about 39% at the expense of slightly higher additional computational time.

We present a detailed study on application of factor graphs and the belief propagation (BP) algorithm to the power system state estimation (SE) problem. We start from the BP solution for the linear DC model, for which we provide a detailed convergence analysis. Using BP-based DC model we propose a fast real-time state estimator for the power system SE. The proposed estimator is easy to distribute and parallelize, thus alleviating computational limitations and allowing for processing measurements in real time. The presented algorithm may run as a continuous process. Using insights from the DC model, we use two different approaches to derive the BP algorithm for the non-linear model. The first method directly applies BP methodology, however, providing only approximate BP solution for the non-linear model. In the second approach, we make a key further step by providing the solution in which the BP is applied sequentially over the non-linear model, akin to what is done by the Gauss-Newton method. The resulting iterative Gauss-Newton belief propagation (GN-BP) algorithm can be interpreted as a distributed Gauss-Newton method with the same accuracy as the centralized SE.

Confirming treatment response in clinical trials for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is challenging, due to the lack of biomarkers and limitations of the currently available symptom assessment tools. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) might overcome these limitations by collecting digital assessments randomly and repeatedly during daily life. This study evaluated differences in change in abdominal pain between real‐time (ie, ESM) and retrospective (ie, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale [GSRS] and an end‐of‐day symptom diary) measurements, using data of an RCT on escitalopram vs placebo in patients with IBS and comorbid panic disorder.

Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disorder defined by the presence of both clinical (thromboembolic events or pregnancy morbidity) and laboratory (antiphospholipid antibodies, aPL) manifestations. Despite their importance, several clinical manifestations strongly associated with APS such as livedo reticularis (LR), thrombocytopenia, sicca-ophthalmic(sicca), heart, or neurological manifestations are not included in the APS clinical classification criteria. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) formed by Beta-2-glycoprotein I (B2GPI) and aPL (B2-CIC) have been described and their presence has been related with thrombotic events. Methods: Cross-sectional and observational cohort study in APS patients with thrombotic symptomatology. Setting and Participants: Fifty-seven patients from the University Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa (Belgrade, Serbia) who met the APS classification criteria (35 with primary APS and 22 with APS associated to systemic lupus erythematosus). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of B2-CIC in APS patients and to evaluate their association with clinical manifestations of APS not included in the classification criteria. Results: B2-CIC prevalence in APS patients was 19.3%. The presence of thrombocytopenia (OR:5.7), livedo reticularis (OR:5.6), sicca (OR:12.6), and leukopenia (OR:5.6) was significantly higher in patients with B2-CIC than in the rest of APS patients. C3 and C4 complement factor levels were significantly lower in B2-CIC positive patients, which suggests a greater consumption of complement. Patients with quadruple aPL positivity (triple aPL-positivity plus the presence of B2-CIC) showed a higher prevalence of thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and LR than those with single/double aPL-positivity. No significant differences were found in the frequencies observed in patients with triple-only vs. single/double aPL-positivity. There were no significant differences between patients with primary APS and lupus-associated APS regarding the prevalence of B2-CIC and outcomes. Conclusions: Presence of B2-CIC is strongly associated with several non-criteria clinical manifestations related to APS and to higher complement consumption. More studies are required to better understand the clinical significance of B2-CIC.