BACKGROUND The attitude of health care professionals towards job is determined by the degree of their ability to work with addicts, educational and cultural factors, as well as the psychological profile of their personality, on which depend their emotional response in work with addicts. AIM To explore the therapist's relationship to job, whether that relationship has an effect on their affective status, and to what extent that relationship can lead to the development of tension (anxiety) during the treatment of opiate addicts. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample consists of members of the multidisciplinary teams of the Institute for Addiction Disorders of Canton Sarajevo (45 in total), of which 11 are physicians, 26 nurses/medical technicians, 4 psychologists and 4 social workers. Employee Attitude Questionnaire (16 questions examining level of information, feelings of insecurity, fatigue, teamwork and job satisfaction) and EMAS-S which has two subscales (for measuring cognitive worry factor and autonomic-emotional anxiety state factor) were used. RESULTS From baseline, 32 (71%) of respondents have the opportunity to apply their knowledge and skills at workplace, which is proportional to their job satisfaction, reduction of anxiety and uncertainty. A large proportion of respondents 36 (80%) stated that they felt more responsible in their work compared to the beginning of career, which was followed by a decrease in the score on EMAS cognition and emotion subscale, what reflected positively on work efficiency. The degree of satisfaction at the end of the work day, often and almost always, has 60% of respondents. CONCLUSION Employees who feel satisfaction at work, who improve their knowledge and work in a team, have a better attitude towards work and less anxiety, and achieve better results when working with addicts.

BACKGROUND In order to protect itself from the pain or discomfort that would result from the forbidden instinctual impulses, the ego developed defence mechanisms (DM). Mature DMs are associated with adaptive functioning. Immature and neurotic DMs are associated with maladaptive functioning. Our goal was to determine the intensity of the most frequently used immature, neurotic and mature ego DMs in patients with epilepsy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We examined 50 patients with epilepsy, using a Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). We measured the intensity of individual DMs. Mature DMs: sublimation, humour, suppression and anticipation; neurotic DMs: undoing, pseudo-altruism, idealization and reactive formation; and immature DMs: projections, passive aggression, acting out, isolation, devaluation, autistic fantasies, denial, displacement, dissociation, splitting, rationalization and somatization. The control group consisted of 36 healthy subjects. Groups are equal in age and level of education. RESULTS Patients with epilepsy use neurotic (p=0.0290) and immature (p=0.0155) defensive styles significantly more. Individually, they most intensively use acting out, humour and sublimation, and statistically significantly more they use displacement (p=0.0161), denial (p=0.05) and somatization (p=0.0019). CONCLUSION Patients with epilepsy use the neurotic and immature styles of ego defence more intensively. As such, they are less adaptable to new situations. Our knowledge can be useful for planning future interventions for people living with epilepsy.

SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to determine nutritive, functional, microbiological and sensory properties of probiotic beverages produced from different volume ratios of cow's milk and soy beverage (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25). Pure cow’s milk and soy beverage served as control samples. Fermentation was performed at 43 °C by a combined culture consisting of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and yoghurt culture. Viable counts of La5 strain in the produced beverages ranged from 7.52 to 8.20 log CFU/mL, which is above the probiotic minimum (106 CFU/mL). Lactic acid was the most prevalent organic acid in all samples (660.1 to 1003.0 mg/100 mL). The fatty acid profiles of fermented beverages were as follows: the mass fraction of saturated fatty acids was 22.2-82.7%, of unsaturated fatty acids 22.3-77.8% and of polyunsaturated fatty acids 15.5-65.9%. The main soy sugars were transformed well (80% stachyose and 50% raffinose conversion) into lactic acid during fermentation. Functional probiotic beverages were successfully produced from different volume ratios of cow's milk and soy beverage by L. acidophilus La5 and yoghurt culture. Mixing cow's milk with soy beverage significantly improved the sensory properties of the product, especially its smell, taste and colour. The acceptability test showed good acceptance by potential consumers of all fermented beverage samples except for the sample made from 100% soy beverage. In the end, the obtained results represent a good basis for further optimisation of the ideal volume ratios of cow's milk and soy beverage for production of fermented beverages characterised by good viability of probiotic bacteria as well as by good functional, nutritive and sensory characteristics.

A significant number of small farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) produce berry fruits. Some of them achieve good economic results, however many have significant potential for further improvement. Due to several beneficial factors, many farms decide for cultivation of a single berry fruit activity, however this decision implies a potential risk in case of unfavourable production or market conditions for that crop. The aim of this analysis is therefore to observe the extent of risk reduction by application of different diversification strategies, using two types of berry fruits; and the most efficient production plans for such a farm from a risk perspective. A linear program was utilized to prepare an optimal production plan, while quadratic risk programming served to analyse risk. Results show that diversification could be a significantly important possibility for risk reduction on such farm type. It is possible to reduce risk with capital and labour less intensive production activities. Production of the highly intensive strawberry variety Clery has highest Estimated Gross Margin (EGM), but is also associated with very high risk. If one includes raspberries or blueberries into the production plan, it is possible to significantly reduce risk while almost keeping EGM at the same level. On the other hand, if the farmer is risk averse, the highest opportunity cost for risk reduction on such a farm type is in production of raspberry and blueberry, where it is necessary to give up 3.25 EUR on average for decreasing risk for one EUR. In the other two scenarios, production of strawberry – blueberry and strawberry – raspberry, risk gradient values are almost the same with amount 2.57 EUR sand 2.56 EUR, respectively.

Abstract Background In head and neck cancers, the number of intra-tumoral lymphocytes associates with improved survival. The impact of the exact cellular composition and localization of these lymphocytes, however, is less well studied. In the current study, we assessed the prognostic values of density, localization and cellular networks of defined lymphocyte populations in early-stage oral tongue cancer. Methods Patient with T1-T2, primary oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and treated with surgical resections and without any peri-operative (chemo) radiotherapy were included in a discovery cohort (n = 47). Multiplexed in-situ immunofluorescent staining was performed using FFPE sections for CD4, CD8, CD20, pan-cytokeratin and cellular nuclei (DAPI); and spatial distributions of 3 lymphocyte populations were assessed in the tumour and stromal compartments, both at the invasive margin (IM) and the center of tumours (CT). Using algorithm-based pathology and nearest neighbor analysis (NNA), we have computed cellular densities and networks for lymphocytes and related these immune parameters to overall survival (OS). Findings were validated using another cohort of patients with identical clinical characteristics (n = 91). Results In our discovery cohort, we observed a high stromal density of CD20-positive B cells at IM but not CT, which correlated with OS (p = 0.005, HR 0.225). NNA demonstrated that survival benefit particularly related to the number of CD20 cells in the vicinity of CD4 cells and the frequency of B cells touching each other. The prognostic value of B cell-rich areas was validated in a second cohort, but only for those patients with low stromal densities of CD4 T cells (in accordance to discovery cohort, p = 0.007, HR = 0.275). Conclusion Our study highlights the prognosis of B cell-rich areas in early-stage oral-tongue cancer patients, particularly in the context of low intra-tumoral CD4 T cell densities. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands and HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

To deliver on the 2030 Agenda and the seventeen development goals, while facing complex health challenges, we need research and education that extend across multiple scientific fields. This will enable researchers from a variety of disciplines to meet, identify research issues, apply for funding, and conduct interdisciplinary research. In addition, student involvement is key in achieving the 2030 Agenda’s global goals – and beyond. Challenges include, climate change and child health, non-peaceful societies, gender inequalities and health. The Swedish Institute for Global Health Transformation (SIGHT) was founded in 2017 at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences with the support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. SIGHT’s mission is to promote an interdisciplinary approach in research and education in the field of global health. In order to deliver on the commitment to global health among researchers and students in various scientific fields and at universities and colleges across Sweden, SIGHT has established SIGHT Fellows, a mentoring programme for academic researchers. In collaboration with universities, established research institutions, and other stakeholders, SIGHT Student Network holds dynamic meetings for students from a variety of disciplines and universities to contribute to delivering the UN’s sustainability goals.

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Introduction: Electroencephalography can also be used to monitor long-term recovery of the patient after acute phase of the disease. Impaired neurocognitive function after infection, similar to brain injury, may present a transient but also prolonged problem for the functioning of an individual. Some studies have shown that importance of EEG may not be significant in sequel monitoring, because the extensive changes in EEG seen with severe forms of CNS infection do not necessarily imply a longer-term poor outcome. Aim: To examine the predictive potential of electroencephalography (EEG) in regard to the emergence of neurological and cognitive sequelae of acute central nervous system (CNS) infection. Methods: The study included 62 patients treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University, who were diagnosed with acute CNS infection. The EEG record was characterized as: normal, non-specific changes of mild, moderate and severe degree and specific changes. The sequelae (headache, cognitive dysfunction, neurological and neurophysiological disorders, audiological and behavioral disorders) was evaluated by combining neurological, psychiatric, pediatric, otolaryngological, ophthalmic and infectological examination in the Neuroinfective Counseling Department for up to 6 months after discharge. Results: After a treatment of an acute CNS infection 25 (40.3%) patients had no sequelae and 37 (59.7%) were with sequelae. The EEG in the initial stage of the disease (Wald’s coefficient = 12.8), followed by the age of the patients (Wald = 6.4), had the greatest influence on the prediction of sequela (p=0.0001). For each additional degree of verified pathological changes in the EEG, the risk of sequelae was increased by 5 degrees (OR = 5.3), respectively. There was no statistically significant association between changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, meningeal symptoms, and signs with sequelae development. Conclusion: Younger age, as well as severe clinical status of a patient, which implies a disorder of consciousness and seizures on admission, are associated with irreversible consequences on a previously mentally healthy individual. Pathological changes (Delta and Theta waves, spike slow complex wave) on the EEG finding significantly predicted presence of sequelae. .

In modern consumer society, consumers become all the more demanding with the right to possess the final statement on selection of a product, and thus the role of a brand as a means of communication is the key, since brands are powerful enough to attract and keep a consumer. Consumers create a relationship with a brand based on quality guarantee and positive experience. The main purpose of this paper is to explore determinants influencing consumer's loyalty towards a private brand. The research is based on private brand R-Time owned by the trade chain Robot. Data were collected through a field survey, and the sample consisted of 439 respondents. Data were analyzed using SEM analysis. The results of the survey show that the determinants of price and

The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) and their G protein-coupled receptors OTR, V1aR, V1bR, and V2R form an important and widely-distributed neuroendocrine signaling system. In mammals, this signaling system regulates water homeostasis, blood pressure, reproduction, as well as social behaviors such as pair bonding, trust and aggression. There exists high demand for ligands with differing pharmacological profiles to study the physiological and pathological functions of the individual receptor subtypes. Here, we present the pharmacological characterization of an arthropod (Metaseiulus occidentalis) OT/VP-like nonapeptide across the human OT/VP receptors. I8-arachnotocin is a full agonist with respect to second messenger signaling at human V2R (EC50 34 nM) and V1bR (EC50 1.2 µM), a partial agonist at OTR (EC50 790 nM), and a competitive antagonist at V1aR [pA2 6.25 (558 nM)]. Intriguingly, I8-arachnotocin activated the Gαs pathway of V2R without recruiting either β-arrestin-1 or β-arrestin-2. I8-arachnotocin might thus be a novel pharmacological tool to study the (patho)physiological relevance of β-arrestin-1 or -2 recruitment to the V2R. These findings furthermore highlight arthropods as a novel, vast and untapped source for the discovery of novel pharmacological probes and potential drug leads targeting neurohormone receptors.

An important aspect of managing multi access point (AP) IEEE 802.11 networks is the support for mobility management by controlling the handover process. Most handover algorithms, residing on the client station (STA), are reactive and take a long time to converge, and thus severely impact Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE). Centralized approaches to mobility and handover management are mostly proprietary, reactive and require changes to the client STA. In this paper, we first created an Software-Defined Networking (SDN) modular handover management framework called HuMOR, which can create, validate and evaluate handover algorithms that preserve QoS. Relying on the capabilities of HuMOR, we introduce ABRAHAM, a machine learning backed, proactive, handover algorithm that uses multiple metrics to predict the future state of the network and optimize the load to ensure the preservation of QoS. We compare ABRAHAM to a number of alternative handover algorithms in a comprehensive QoS study, and demonstrate that it outperforms them with an average throughput improvement of up to 139%, while statistical analysis shows that there is significant statistical difference between ABRAHAM and the rest of the algorithms.

Tumour mutational burden (TMB) has emerged as a reproducible biomarker to predict immunotherapy response across multiple cancer types. However, a key aspect of TMB measurement that is often overlooked is the source of tissue sample used, which creates a potential for systematic bias. The predominant source is either primary or metastatic tumour tissue. Primary tumours are more heterogeneous and reflect a longer period of tumour evolution, whereas metastases tend to have a more monoclonal structure and potentially different TMB scores. Studies to date measuring TMB have used a heterogeneous set of primary and metastatic tissues, which may explain some of the variability in predictive TMB values across studies. This paper presents data to show that there is a systematic difference whereby metastatic TMB is biased towards higher values than primary TMB (36% higher, paired Wilcoxon, P = 0.0008). However, effectiveness in predicting overall survival during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy was found to be equivalent between primary and metastatic TMB. We highlight that lower TMB in primary tissue may be important in cases with borderline primary TMB, where assaying metastatic TMB may lead to a different treatment stratification result. As TMB progresses towards clinical implementation, particularly in classically non-immunogenic tumour types, it is important to have better curated trials with either the source of tissue annotated or a prospective study assessing concordance between paired primary and metastatic tissue.