Virus hepatitisa B (HBV), virus hepatitisa C (HCV) i virus humane imunodeficijencije (HIV) predstavljaju patogene koji se prenose krvlju i od posebnog su interesa za stomatoloski tim. U stomatoloskoj ordinaciji HBV, HCV i HIV se mogu prenijeti direktnim kontaktom sa krvlju i pljuvackom koja ima primjesa krvi, ili indirektnim kontaktom sa inficiranim instrumentima tokom i nakon rada. Upotreba ostrih instrumenata pri radu, te susretanje sa pacijentima koji trpe bol i stres predstavljaju faktore rizika za nastanak ekspozicijskih incidenata. Zbog toga se moraju preduzeti i dosljedno sprovoditi mjere zastite od virusnih infekcija. Specificna zastita protiv HBV je vakcina. Nespecificna zastita podrazumjeva zastitu osoblja, pacijenata, specifican odnos u radu sa kontaminiranim instrumentima, specificnu higijenu radnih povrsina i opreme u ordinaciji i zbrinjavanje medicinskog otpada. Prevencija ekspozicije je primarna strategija za smanjenje profesionalno nastalih infekcija, a pored toga, za HBV, HCV i HIV infekciju propisana je postekspozicijska profilaksa cija primjena ima zadovoljavajucu efikasnost

Introduction. The optic nerve is supplied by the arterial branches of the supericial pial plexus and direct intraneural branches. The aim of the study was to study the morphological characteristics (origin, number of arteries, calibers, and branching pattern) of perioptic arterial vascularization and intraoptic vascular network of the extracranial sections of the optic nerve: canalicular and intraorbital. Methods. The study included 18 pairs of the optic nerves of both sexes (11 males and 7 females), aged 51 to 78 years, with no signs of changes in the structures of the nervous system. The vasculature of the optic nerves was microdissected and examined under the stereoscopic microscope, after injecting their arteries with 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and 5% formaline ixation. Results. The intracanalicular part of the optic nerve received ine blood vessels from the ophthalmic artery, usually in two branches in 29 (82.9%) cases, while in 6 (17.1%) specimens there was only one branch for the nerve. The intraorbital segment of the optic nerve was supplied by two interconnected systems of blood vessels, peripheral and axial, both coming from the central retinal artery. Conclusion. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been conirmed that both segments of the optic nerve have a rich and very delicate vascular network. The supericial pial arterial plexus of the intracanalicular segment of the optic nerve has been identiied as the only source of its vascular supply. The intraorbital part of the optic nerve has two interconnected systems of blood vessels: peripheral and axial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of preoperative carbohydrate oral (CHO) loading on the postoperative metabolic and inflammatory response, perioperative discomfort and surgical clinical outcomes in open colorectal surgery compared with a conventional fasting protocol. Fifty patients were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (CHO), to receive preoperative oral carbohydrate supplementation, or the control group (FAST), to undergo preoperative fasting. Insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) and IL-6 levels were analysed at 06 h on the day of surgery (T1), 6 h after surgery (T2) and at 06 h on postoperative day 1 (T3) and postoperative day 2 (T4). Thirst, hunger, dry mouth, weakness, anxiety and pain were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) prior to anaesthesia induction and at 0–4, 4–8, 8–12 and 12–24 h after surgery. Surgical clinical outcomes included the return of gastrointestinal function, time to independent ambulation and postoperative discharge day. Postoperative insulin resistance was 30% lower (p < 0.03) and insulin sensitivity was 15% higher (p < 0.05) in the CHO group than in the FAST group. The GPS was lower in the CHO group at T1 (p < 0.001), T3 (p < 0.01) and T4 (p < 0.004). IL-6 serum levels were lower at the analysed postoperative time points in the CHO group (p < 0.001). The VAS well-being score was lower in the intervention group (p < 0.001); however, the VAS pain score was not significantly different between the groups. The evaluated surgical outcomes appeared earlier in the CHO group (p < 0.001). A preoperative CHO drink reduced the postoperative metabolic and inflammatory response and improved subjective well-being and surgical clinical outcomes but did not diminish the VAS pain score.

Introduction: Among the various symptomatic manifestations of mental insufficiency, besides the obvious speech disorders, there is the presence of functional and/or organs vocal pathologies. The aim of the research was to determine the acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of the voice of children with mild and moderate intellectual difficulties and to examine the existence of differences in the mentioned parameters between these two groups of respondents.Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 38 children with a diagnosis of mild and moderate intellectual difficulties, chronological ages of seven to 12 years old, attending special classes at regular schools. Results: The results showed that children with mild and moderate levels of intellectual difficulties have normal values of the laryngeal tone. However, the value of the frequency perturbation was increased in children with moderate intellectual difficulties, while the value of amplitude perturbation was increased in both groups of respondents. The measured aerodynamic parameter was at the line of pathological value in subjects with mild intellectual difficulties, and in subjects with moderate intellectual difficulties measured aerodynamic parameter was pathological. The results also show that both groups of participants differ significantly in the acoustic parameter describing the frequency perturbation and in the aerodynamic parameter of the maximum phonation time.Conclusion: Discrepancies in the mentioned voice evaluation parameters point to the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of not only speech and language but also the voice of the population of children with mild and moderate intellectual difficulties.

This video demonstrates microsurgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. Lung cancer is the predominant cause of rare metastatic intramedullary involvement of the spinal cord.1-4 Because of severe disabilities, these tumors should be considered for treatment with the goal of complete removal to preserve neurological functioning.5-9  Surgical resection improves symptoms, preserves ambulatory status, and increases survival time twice that of nonsurgical treatments.3,8,10 Surgery can be effective in arresting neurological decline.11,12 To our knowledge, this is the first video report of an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis resection.  A 69-yr-old male with history of lung cancer presented with acute onset left arm abduction, forearm flexion, and hand weakness (3/5) and gait disturbance. Cervical spine MRI revealed C4/C5 nonhomogenously enhancing intramedullary tumor measuring 22 × 10 × 7 mm. Sagittal T2-weighted image demonstrated extensive cord edema.  The C4 and C5 laminectomies were performed. Microsurgical techniques were employed.13-15 Metastasis involved the left lateral aspect of the cord with invasion of 2 left dorsal sensory nerve roots, which were resected. Further transection of the dentate ligament relaxed the spinal cord, enabling safer tumor resection. Pial dissection using bipolar forceps, microscissors, and microdissector enabled tumor delivery. Following resection, dural closure was reinforced with previously harvested fat tissue graft to prevent CSF leak.16  Postoperative MRI revealed complete macroscopic resection with improvement of spinal cord swelling. Patient improved his gate and his left arm motor strength was stable. Subsequently, patient received focal adjuvant radiotherapy. Written consent was obtained directly from the patient.

Explainable AI is an important area of research within which Explainable Planning is an emerging topic. In this paper, we argue that Explainable Planning can be designed as a service -- that is, as a wrapper around an existing planning system that utilises the existing planner to assist in answering contrastive questions. We introduce a prototype framework to facilitate this, along with some examples of how a planner can be used to address certain types of contrastive questions. We discuss the main advantages and limitations of such an approach and we identify open questions for Explainable Planning as a service that identify several possible research directions.

The aim of the study was to determine the differences in ventilation parameters between boys and girls in the 10-15 year age group (aged 10-15). The study was conducted on a sample of N = 1857 subjects divided into 2 subunits taken from the boys (n = 968) and girls (n = 889) from the area of the City of Mostar. The sample variables consisted of 3 variables for the assessment of anthropometric measures, 24 variables were used for the evaluation of the ventilation parameters using Spirovit SP1 of the company Schiller AG. Results processing was performed in SPSS 21.0. To determine quantitative differences between groups, a canonical discriminatory analysis was applied. A discriminatory analysis found that there are statistically significant quantitative differences between groups of boys and girls on a global level. One function is isolated which explains 100% of the total variance and has a statistically significant high value (Can.Corr.=.948). The value of Wilk’s lambda is low (.101) indicating high discrimination between groups. In quantitative terms, at the multivariate level, the greatest discrimination between groups in an isolated function is the variables of the Tiffen index (FEV1/FVCPRED), FEF50PRED, FEF75PRED and the percentage of the Tiffene index for respondents (FEV1/FVC%). This is also supported by the value of the centroid position in an isolated discriminatory function, where we can see the great distance between the centroid that is represented by groups of boys and girls in the space.

This paper mainly refers to attitudes about the reasons for the avoidance of sports and sports activities of young people who have never been involved in these activities. In this survey involving 226 university and high school students, 110 stated that they had never been involved in sport or any sporting activities. They are surely the most reputed to answer these questions. Of the offered reasons (causes) that are responsible for avoiding and non-participation in sports and sports activities, in the first place is the lack of interest which is stated by about 90% of the respondents. Secondly, the reason why respondents do not deal with sports and sports activities are the obligations at school and at the faculty, and this was confirmed by 85% of respondents. Laziness follows, about this they were very self-critical and sincere, confirming in a percentage of 84.5% that this was one of the reasons for their abstinence from sports and sports activities. Immediately behind laziness are television, there are computers and cell phones with about 80%, and so on. The results showed that male and female, then smokers and non-smokers, do not differ significantly in attitudes about these reasons. It is the same with those who consume, occasionally consume and do not consume alcohol. There is a partial difference between high school students and university students in attitudes to some causes, as well as between those who live in the city, suburban village and village.

The study presents results of the measurements of the atmospheric nitrogen dioxide concentration and simultaneous meteorological variables: average temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity, speed and wind direction. The data were collected from July 2015 to June 2017 at stations located in Banja Luka (locality Centre). Nitrogen dioxide is one of the major environmental pollutants which has negative impact on plants growth, atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Levels of nitrogen dioxide in air samples and meteorological variables from urban zone of Banja Luka were determined at locality, which is highly populated area, with intensive traffic. The study presents average measured values of nitrogen dioxide, together with maximal and minimal values and relationship between nitrogen dioxide and meteorological variables, i. e. for pollution modelling together with meteorological variables. Statistical analysis confirms string of rolls, which shows directional connection between nitrogen dioxide and meteorological variables. Correlation between nitrogen dioxide and temperature (r= -0.207), wind speed (r= -0.130) and relative humidity (r= -0.048) was negative and significant during the measurement period.

Intensity of electromagnetic pollution is followed by rapid increasing of new telecommunication technologies over the years. In order to prevent enlarged exposed of general population with doses of electromagnetic radiation above allowed for general population, living as well as working environment around antenna systems should be tested. Using sophisticated measurement equipment we measure intensity of electric field emitted from base station located at shopping center in urban zone of the Banja Luka city. Theoretical estimation of exposition was preceded to measurement procedure, resulting in mapping of exposure at different altitude around antenna system. This thorough investigation of electromagnetic pollution will become a part of typical systematic testing of high frequency non-ionizing radiation pollution. Tested area, around shopping center, where are located educational institution and sports center is found safe from emitted radiation.

Mohammad Sabeti1*, Kory J Golchert1, Neveed Shirgill1, Aleksandar Jakovljevic2, Miroslav Andric3 and Jelena Milasin4 1Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA 2Department of Pathophysiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 3Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 4Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia

This article discusses technology and opportunities available to embrace artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of autonomous wireless systems. A vision is presented for knowledge-driven wireless operation by means of AI disciplines, such as sensing, reasoning, knowledge management, and active learning. The aim is to provide readers with the motivation and a general big data-independent AI methodology for autonomous agents in the context of self-organization in real time by unifying knowledge management with sensing, reasoning, and active learning. Differences between training-based methods for matching problems and training-free methods for environment-specific problems are highlighted. Finally, we conceptually introduce the functions of an autonomous agent with knowledge management.