Background Previous studies have shown that items that another individual looks at are better remembered than items that are not looked at, whereas the same effect has rarely been observed for non-social cues such as arrows. This pattern of results has been taken as an indication that joint attention improves memory. However, these previous studies have differed in the type of memory being tested and the type of content that is to be remembered: while effects of joint attention on long-term memory were tested with verbal items and non-verbal items, effects on working memory have only been tested with non-verbal items such as colour. Thus, the aim of the current study was to extend these previous findings and investigate whether joint attention influences working memory for verbal items. Methods In Experiment 1, participants were first presented with an image of a face with eyes that gazed either to the left or to the right. A grid of 4 letters (2x2) was then shown either on the side cued by gaze or on the opposite side. After a retention interval (1000 ms), participants were shown a letter in the centre of the screen and judged whether this letter was part of the grid shown before. In Experiment 2, we followed the same general procedure but one group was presented with gaze cues, and the other group was presented with arrow cues. Results Across two experiments, our results revealed that participants had better recall of letters that had been cued than letters that had not been cued, regardless of cue type. In contrast, participants’ reaction times were not influenced by whether the letter had been cued. Conclusions Our findings suggest that both social and non-social cues can modulate recall of verbal items such as letters in a working memory task.

In this research, the impact of applications on improving urban logistics was examined using the example of the company EX, with an emphasis on the sustainability of its business. To conduct this research, expert decision-making was used. The model used ten criteria and eight applications. To incorporate uncertainty into this research, an intuitionistic fuzzy approach was used. Based on the obtained CC values, the criteria weights were determined using the SiWeC (Simple Weight Calculation) method, while the WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method ranked the applications. The results showed that “Security and data protection” and “System reliability and stability” were the most important criteria, while Application 1 achieved the best results. These results were confirmed by the consistency analysis of the WASPAS method and the sensitivity analysis, which considered 30 scenarios.

The primary objective of external fixation is to stabilize bone fractures, with the mechanical characteristics of the fixation system playing a critical role in shaping the biomechanical environment of the fracture and, consequently, the healing process. This study presents an experimental investigation of the stability of eight unilateral external fixation configurations applied to an open tibial fracture. The stiffness of each configuration was evaluated under axial compression, anterior–posterior (AP) bending, medial–lateral (ML) bending, and torsional loading. In addition, the effects of structural parameters—such as the number of half-pins, planarity of the configuration, and interfragmentary distance—on fixator stiffness and generated stresses were examined. The results revealed a linear relationship between applied load and both bone segment displacement and principal stresses. Biomechanical tests demonstrated that biplanar configurations provide sufficient stability for open tibial fractures, while simultaneously offering an optimal structural design for the fixation system. Moreover, the number of half-pins was identified as a statistically significant factor influencing configuration stiffness under axial loading and torsion, with biplanar configurations proving particularly effective in torsional scenarios. However, in AP and ML bending tests, neither configuration type nor any individual parameter produced statistically significant differences in bending stiffness. Interestingly, interfragmentary distance did not exert a statistically significant effect on configuration stiffness under any loading condition. Furthermore, neither configuration type nor the analyzed parameters had a notable influence on the principal stresses measured at the control points.

Abstract Objective. To report two additional cases of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCC) of the breast – detailing their clinicopathologic features, immunophenotypes, and follow-up – and to provide an updated literature review since 2020. Case Reports. Two patients (66 and 52 years old) had GRCC confirmed morphologically and histochemically. Case 1 was ER-positive/HER2-positive (luminal B/HER2-positive) and was managed with surgery, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and anti-HER2 therapy (trastuzumab). Case 2 was triple-negative and received neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (pembrolizumab-based) with marked pathologic tumor regression at resection. Both patients were disease-free at one and 12 months, respectively. Conclusions. GRCC is heterogeneous and should not be regarded as a single clinicopathologic entity within invasive breast carcinoma of no special type or assumed to have a uniform prognosis. Management should be biomarker-guided, as illustrated by these cases. The role of targeted and immune therapies in GRCC warrants multi-institutional studies.

Background Previous studies have shown that stimuli that another individual looks at are better remembered than stimuli that are not looked at, suggesting that joint attention improves memory. However, these previous studies have differed in the type of memory being tested and the type of content that is to-be-remembered: while effects of joint attention on long-term memory were tested with verbalizable stimuli, effects on working memory have only been tested with visual stimuli such as colour. Thus, the aim of the current study is to extend these previous findings and investigate whether joint attention improves working memory for verbalizable stimuli. Methods Participants were first presented with an image of a face with eyes that gazed either to the left or to the right, after which a grid of 4 letters (2x2) was shown. On half of trials, this grid with letters was shown in the same direction that was gazed at, and in the other half of the trials, in the other direction. After a retention interval (1000 ms), participants were shown a letter in the centre of the screen and asked to judge whether they have seen this letter as part of the grid shown before. Results Our results revealed that participants’ judgements about whether they had previously seen the letter was more accurate for letters that had been gazed at than letters that had not been gazed at. In contrast, participants’ reaction times were not influenced by whether the letter had been gazed at. Conclusions Our findings suggest that joint attention can improve working memory for verbalizable stimuli such as letters.

In the early stages of research on the genetics of human morphological traits, particular attention was given to the details of the physical complexities of the face. In this field, prominent focus was placed on the characteristics of the auricle, especially the types of the earlobe (lobulus auriculae). This paper presents the first data on the previously undescribed possibility of inheriting the ossified granules of the antihelix. Based on genealogical analysis of the presence/absence of the granule across five successive generations of a Bosnian family, evidence is provided for the autosomal recessive inheritance of this dimorphism.

Abstract Objective. This article aims to emphasize the importance of considering invasive thymoma in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses and highlights the critical role of timely surgical and oncological management in improving patient outcomes. Case Report. We present the case of a 70-year-old woman who presented with signs of superior vena cava syndrome, including dyspnea, facial swelling, and fatigue. Advanced imaging and intraoperative findings revealed a large anterior mediastinal mass infiltrating the left brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava, extending into both the right atrium and right ventricle. Surgical intervention was performed, and histopathological analysis confirmed B2 thymoma with a high Ki-67 proliferation index. Despite surgical intervention, the patient’s condition deteriorated, and she ultimately succumbed to the disease. Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported Bosnian case of B2 thymoma invading the brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava and infiltrating both the right atrium and ventricle, causing superior vena cava syndrome. Despite their rarity, thymomas should always be considered in patients presenting with an enlarged mediastinum.

Peripheral sensory neurons, residing in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), relay sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. Although single-cell transcriptomic studies have identified over 20 distinct sensory neuron subtypes, functional analysis and assessment of subtype-specific pathological changes remain difficult. Effective isolation and enrichment of sensory neurons are challenging yet essential for functional studies. Therefore, we used single-cell transcriptomic data from DRG to identify a panel of neuronal surface markers, including Nrxn2 and Pirt. Using these markers, we developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) panel for neuronal enrichment and analysis that does not rely on transgenic mouse strains and can be broadly applied. The panel was validated by microscopy and single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing, which also revealed broad representation of neuronal subtypes. Expression of these markers in human DRG underscores the translational value of this isolation method for sensory and pain studies. Overall, this study provides a valuable tool for isolating DRG neurons, advancing research on sensory neuron function and pain biology, and facilitating neuroimmune studies.

Foreword.  

Grammatical aspect informs us about the internal temporal contours of a situa tion. In other words, aspect provides information as to how the verbal action is to be regarded, whether it is complete, continuous, or iterative. Bosnian grammati calizes the binary system characteristic of Slavic languages that entails that verbs are marked for the perfective or the imperfective aspect. English, on the other hand, grammaticalizes the perfect and the progressive, which do not entirely cor respond to the perfective/imperfective aspectual opposition. Grammatical aspect is an obligatory category in Bosnian, whilst in English, verbs need not be mor phologically marked for aspect. Expectedly, studies report different processing patterns in sentences with aspectual violations in these two languages. It has been shown that native speakers of English do not show electrophysiological responses to violations of aspect, while native speakers of Bosnian show a clear sensitivity to aspectual violations immediately at the verb. Even though they detect aspectual violations already at the point of the verb in Bosnian, their L1, in this study we investigate whether university students of English process aspectual violations in English, their L2. More precisely, we conducted a self-paced reading study to ex plore whether Bosnian university students of English detect aspectual violations at the position of the verb or in adjacent positions during incremental sentence processing. Our results are in line with the previous findings on L1 processing of English aspect – English aspectual violations are not detected online during sen tence comprehension in L2 processing. However, there is an important difference. Unlike native speakers of English, Bosnian university students of English do not detect aspectual violations even after the sentence has been processed. Such re sults provide evidence for the Shallow Structure Hypothesis in L2 processing. We, therefore, compare our findings with other studies on grammatical aspect, con trast L1 and L2 processing, and discuss English and Bosnian grammatical aspect.

The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand rapidly, yet IoT devices often lack on-device Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) due to strict CPU, RAM, and memory limitations. While prior research has explored machine learning-based IDS, relatively few studies have evaluated models under realistic resource constraints. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of lightweight and efficient machine learning models for multiclass intrusion detection using the ToN_IoT dataset. We compare a Decision Tree (DT), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), a Feedforward Neural Network (FNN), and a TinyML-optimized FNN. Our results show that the TinyML FNN provides the best balance between accuracy and deployability, achieving an F1-Score of 0.976, an inference throughput of ≈120,000 packets per second, and a model size of only 31 KB. These findings demonstrate that TinyML-optimized neural networks are strong candidates for practical on-device intrusion detection on highly resource-constrained IoT devices.

Contemporary linguistic research has increasingly focused on the administrative functional style, its substyles, nature and peculiarities, shortcomings and flaws, as well as influences on other styles. Numerous works dealing with this topic from different aspects have been published. Here, we are referring primarily to works from Croatian and Serbian studies, and in order to point out the importance of dealing with this style in Bosnian studies as well and to encourage the develop ment of Bosnian research in this direction, we dedicate this work to an important characteristic of the administrative style – administrative expressions. Adminis trative expressions – lexemes, constructions and phrases – are typical features of the administrative style and are used in its genres. In order to determine adminis trative expressions in the Bosnian language and confirm their status, it is first nec essary to gain insight into the lexicographical manuals of the Bosnian language in order to understand the relationship of these normative manuals to the lexemes and expressions that are recognized as units characteristic of the administrative style of the Bosnian language, which is also the main goal of this work. Since Rječnik bosanskoga jezika [The Bosnian Language Dictionary] (Halilović – Palić – Šehović, 2010) also has a normative assessment of the included units, we deem appropriate to begin this type of analysis with the content of this dictionary, while the other Bosnain language dictionaries, namely, Rječnik bosanskog jezika (Čedić et al., 2007) and the multi-volume Rječnik bosanskog jezika (Jahić, 2010–2024) served for additional comparison and consultation.

Urban green spaces are essential for enhancing ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human well-being, yet their sustainability relies on the long-term vitality and aesthetic quality of trees. This study examined changes in tree vitality and decorativeness in Akademski Park, Belgrade, Serbia, over a ten-year period (2015–2025) to assess species-specific responses to urban environmental stress. Data were collected using the basic Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) method, evaluating 132 trees in 2015 and 121 in 2025 across 22 species. Both vitality and aesthetic values were rated on a five-point scale, and differences were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples. Results showed a slight overall decline in vitality (from 3.9 to 3.7) and a stable decorativeness score (3.6–3.7). Significant reductions in vitality were observed for Cedrus atlantica (p=0.002), while Tilia cordata showed improvement (p=0.037). Platanus × acerifolia exhibited a significant increase in decorativeness (p=0.040), confirming its adaptability to urban conditions. Other species displayed minor or non-significant changes, indicating general stability in tree health and visual quality. The findings suggest that Akademski Park has maintained its ecological and aesthetic function despite environmental pressures. Long-term monitoring and species-specific management are essential for sustaining urban tree vitality and optimising the resilience of green infrastructure under changing climatic conditions.

ABCC6 deficiency is caused by variants in the ABCC6 gene, leading to dysfunction of the ABCC6 protein. This can result in the development of the infantile phenotype, generalized arterial calcification of infancy type 2 (GACI2), or the adolescent-adult phenotype, pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). To date, the impact of ABCC6 deficiency in a pediatric population has not been comprehensively studied. This analysis aimed to collectively characterize the genotypic and phenotypic presentation of ABCC6 deficiency in the pediatric population. A literature review and analysis identified 95 individuals with ABCC6 variant(s) and documented clinical manifestations occurring from ages 0 to < 18 years. Of the 133 ABCC6 variants found, 57.1% were pathogenic, 26.3% were likely pathogenic, and 10.5% were of uncertain significance. A high prevalence of ectopic calcification with cardiovascular, dermatologic, neurologic, and ocular complications was observed across this pediatric ABCC6 deficiency cohort. While 56% were diagnosed with GACI and 44% with PXE, many individuals exhibited overlapping features of both conditions. There was a relatively high frequency of clinical manifestations through 6 years of age with lower frequency from ages 7 to 18 years. There was significant phenotypic variability observed across patients harboring the same ABCC6 variant(s). These findings demonstrate the wide spectrum and early emergence of cardiovascular, neurologic, and ocular complications in pediatric patients with ABCC6 deficiency. Given the variability of clinical presentations and absence of systematic phenotype characterization, pediatric ABCC6 deficiency is likely underdiagnosed. Establishing guidelines for assessment, genetic diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic counseling would assist in the timely diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of pediatric patients with ABCC6 deficiency.