Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is one of the most common spinal procedures, frequently used for the treatment of cervical spine degenerative diseases. It was first described in 1958. Interestingly, to our knowledge, 3-level ACDF has not been previously published as a peer-reviewed video case with a detailed description of intraoperative microsurgical anatomy. In this video, we present the case of a 33-year-old male who presented with a combination of myelopathy (hyperreflexia and long tract signs in the upper and lower extremities) and bilateral radiculopathy of the upper extremities. He had been previously treated conservatively with physical therapy and pain management for 6 months without success. We performed 3-level microsurgical ACDF from C4 to C7. All 3 levels were decompressed, and bone allografts were placed to achieve intervertebral body fusion. A titanium plate was utilized from C4 to C7 for internal fixation. The patient was discharged home on the first postoperative day. His pain, numbness and tingling resolved, as well as his myelopathy. No perioperative complications were encountered. Herein we present the surgical anatomy of our operative technique including certain technical tips. Written consent was obtained directly from the patient.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the potential causal link between innovation, entrepreneurship activity, and economic growth in the case of nine developed countries over the time-span ranging between 2001 and 2014. The research goal is to examine if the findings of this paper support the endogenous growth theory. Methodology: This paper has initially explored the stationary properties of the variables. Moreover, the causal links between the variables of interest have been investigated by estimating the panel VAR model (trivariate) employing the GMM framework. This paper also examines the potential causal linkage amid the variables of interest by employing the Granger causality test. Main Findings: Empirical results suggest that economic growth is found to Granger cause innovation and entrepreneurship activity. These findings emphasize the necessity to take both innovation and entrepreneurship while analyzing the determinants of economic growth since these are found to be interconnected and may play a critical role in the growth of the economy. These findings also support the endogenous growth. Applications of this study: Outcome of this paper is expected to provide significant insights for decision-makers to make a necessary effort not only to increase the start-up rates in developed countries but also to reduce the informal sector that is likely to occur as a result of start-ups in developing countries jeopardizing developed countries’ competitiveness. Novelty/Originality of this study: The first contribution of this study to the literature is the examination of cross-sectional dynamics of developed countries’ innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Secondly, these results indicate that entrepreneurial activity is a proximate cause and should be modelled as the channel through which innovation contributes to economic growth. Thirdly, the data used in this study are more comprehensive.

Background: To investigate the total survival of low birth weight infants (LBWIs) in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB and H) and selected by subgroups of birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA). Methods: This cross-sectional study included newborns of both genders, GA of 22–42 weeks and BW of less than 2500 g of 10 cantons territory of the FB and H. In the examined period, 22,897 children were born in the FB and H, of which 669 (2.9%) had BW less than 2500 g. Results: Surviving of LBWIs in the FB and H out of the 669 LBWIs in the first level perinatal healthcare institutions (PHI) was 29 (4.3%), the second level was 286 (42.8%), and the third level was 354 (52.9%). The total stillborn rate was 3.9%. The overall perinatal mortality rate for all levels of PHI was 8.6%. The overall rate of early neonatal mortality of LBWIs in all three levels of PHI in the FB and H was 12.7%. By the end of the first month of life (up to 28 days) and to the end of the neonatal period, 385 (57.5%) of LBWIs survived, and 284 (42.4%) died. The LBWIs by subgroups of BW up to 28 days had lower survival rates in second-level PHI than infants of the same BW subgroups (500–999 and 1000–1499) treated in third-level PHI (P = 0.0089 and P = 0.004). Conclusions: Our results show that B and H belongs to developing countries according to perinatal mortality. A unique database system is necessary to follow progress and trends.

Regardless of the context to which it is applied, sharing resources is well-recognized for its considerable benefits. Since 5G networks will be service-oriented, on-demand, and highly heterogeneous, it is utmost important to approach the design and optimization of the network from an end-to-end perspective. In addition, in order to ensure end-to-end performance, this approach has to entail both wireless and optical domains, altogether with the IoT, edge, and cloud paradigms which are an indispensable part of the 5G network architecture. Shifting from the exclusive ownership of network resources toward sharing enables all participants to cope with stringent service requirements in 5G networks, gaining significant performance improvements and cost savings at the same time. The main objective of this paper is to survey the literature on resource sharing, providing an in-depth and comprehensive perspective of sharing by recognizing the main trends, the techniques which enable sharing, and the challenges that need to be addressed. By providing a taxonomy which brings the relevant features of a comprehensive sharing model into focus, we aim to enable the creation of sharing models for more efficient future communication networks. We also summarize and discuss the relevant issues arising from network sharing, that should be properly tackled in the future.

Whole Genome Sequence of four samples from COVID-19 outbreaks was done in two laboratories in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Veterinary Faculty Sarajevo and Alea Genetic Center). All four BiH sequences cluster mainly with European ones (Italy, Austria, France, Sweden, Cyprus, England). The constructed phylogenetic tree indicates probable multiple independent introduction events. The success of future containment measures concernig new introductions will be highly challenging for country due to the significant proportion of BH population living abroad.

A simple polygon that either has equal all sides or all interior angles is called a semi-regular nonagon. In terms of this definition, we can distinguish between two types of semi-regular polygons: equilateral polygons (that have equal all sides and different interior angles) and equiangular polygons (that have equal interior angles and different sides). Unlike regular polygons, one characteristic element is not enough to analyze the metric properties of semi-regular polygons, and an additional one is needed. To select this additional characteristic element, note that the following regular triangles can be inscribed to a semi-regular equilateral nonagon by joining vertices: ∆A1 A4A7, △ A2 A5 A8, △A3 A6 A9. Now have a look at triangle △A1 A4A7. Let us use the mark φ=∡(a,b1) to mark the angle between side a of the semi-regular nonagon and side b1 of the inscribed regular triangle. In interpreting the metric properties of a semi-regular equilateral nonagon, in addition to its side, we also use the angle that such side creates with the side of one of the three regular triangles that can be inscribed to such semi-regular nonagon. We consider the way in which convexity, possibility of construction, surface area, and other properties depend on a side of the semi-regular nonagon and angle φ=∡(a,b1).

A simple polygon that either has equal all sides or all interior angles is called a semi-regular polygon. In terms of this definition, we can distinguish between two types of semi-regular polygons: equilateral polygons (that have equal all sides and different interior angles) and equiangular polygons (that have equal interior angles and different sides). To analyze the metric properties of semi-regular polygons, knowing only one basic element, e.g. the length of a side, as in regular polygons, is not enough. Therefore, in addition to the side of a semi-regular polygon, we use another characteristic element of it to analyze the metric features, and that is the angle δ=∠(a,b) between the side of a semi-regular polygon PN and the side b of its inscribed regular polygon PN. Some metric properties of a semi-regular equilateral 2n-sides polygon are analyzed in this paper with respect to these two characteristic elements. Some of the problems discussed in the paper are: convexity, calculation of surface area, dependence on the length of sides a and δ, calculation of the radius of the inscribed circle depending on the sides a and angles δ, and calculation of the surface area in which the radius of the inscribed circle is known, as well as the relationship between them. It has been shown that the formula for calculating the surface area of regular polygons results from the formula for the surface area of 2n-side semi-regular, equilateral polygons. Further, by using these results, it has been shown that the cross-sections of regular polygons inscribed to semi-regular equilateral polygons, the vertices of equiangular semi-regular polygons, as well as the sides of the regular polygons inscribed to it, intersect in the same manner at the vertices of the equilateral semi-regular polygon. It has further been shown that the sides of the equiangular semi-regular polygon refer to each other as the sines of the angles created by the sides of the inscribed polygons and the side of the semi-regular polygon.

Geometry is a very interesting, applicable and beautiful part of mathematics. However, geometry is often difficult for students to understand and demanding for teachers to teach [1]. Constructing proofs in geometric problems turns out to be particularly difficult, even for high attaining students [2]. Sometimes, students do not even know where to start when trying to solve these [3].

Arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) derivatives (aryl=2-hydroxynaphthyl ( 1 ) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ( 2 ) have been synthesized and their structures have been elucidated. Both compounds were examined for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Antioxidative activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The microbial screening was performed by diffusion method on bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans . Cytotoxic activity was tested on liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep G2) by Neutral red assay. Compared to compound 2 , compound 1 showed better antimicrobial and antifungal activity, while compound 2 showed better antioxidant activity with IC 50 of 0.0156 mM and FRAP value 50469.44 µmol/l Fe 2+ . Both compounds showed cytotoxic activity. Obtained results implicate the importance of arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-on) derivatives as a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.

Recently, Leung et al. [1] proposed that α7-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) antagonists might decrease angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 receptor expression in respiratory epithelium and, hence, prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invasion of pulmonary epithelial cells. Let us further theoretically evaluate this assertion and contribute to the quest for potential medications that might reduce virulence and pathogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Smoking may be associated with progression and negative outcome of COVID-19 [1]. The receptor-binding domain of the S protein (spike) on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the ACE2 receptor, which is an entry point of the virus into host respiratory cells [2]. Memantine, as an antagonist of α7-nAChR and NMDA receptors, may decrease ACE2 receptor expression and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Hence, memantine may potentially reduce SARS-CoV-2 virulence. https://bit.ly/2AZHiVg

OBJECTIVES The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) capture individual differences in aversive personality to complement work on other taxonomies, such as the Big Five traits. However, the literature on the Dark Triad traits relies mostly on samples from English-speaking (i.e., Westernized) countries. We broadened the scope of this literature by sampling from a wider array of countries. METHOD We drew on data from 49 countries (N = 11,723; 65.8% female; AgeMean = 21.53) to examine how an extensive net of country-level variables in economic status (e.g., Human Development Index), social relations (e.g., gender equality), political orientations (e.g., democracy), and cultural values (e.g., embeddedness) relate to country-level rates of the Dark Triad traits, as well as variance in the magnitude of sex differences in them. RESULTS Narcissism was especially sensitive to country-level variables. Countries with more embedded and hierarchical cultural systems were more narcissistic. Also, sex differences in narcissism were larger in more developed societies: Women were less likely to be narcissistic in developed (vs. less developed) countries. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the results based on evolutionary and social role models of personality and sex differences. That higher country-level narcissism was more common in less developed countries, whereas sex differences in narcissism were larger in more developed countries, is more consistent with evolutionary than social role models.

Abstract We apply deep kernel learning (DKL), which can be viewed as a combination of a Gaussian process (GP) and a deep neural network (DNN), to compression ignition engine emissions and compare its performance to a selection of other surrogate models on the same dataset. Surrogate models are a class of computationally cheaper alternatives to physics-based models. High-dimensional model representation (HDMR) is also briefly discussed and acts as a benchmark model for comparison. We apply the considered methods to a dataset, which was obtained from a compression ignition engine and includes as outputs soot and NOx emissions as functions of 14 engine operating condition variables. We combine a quasi-random global search with a conventional grid-optimization method in order to identify suitable values for several DKL hyperparameters, which include network architecture, kernel, and learning parameters. The performance of DKL, HDMR, plain GPs, and plain DNNs is compared in terms of the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the predictions as well as computational expense of training and evaluation. It is shown that DKL performs best in terms of RMSE in the predictions whilst maintaining the computational cost at a reasonable level, and DKL predictions are in good agreement with the experimental emissions data.