The education system at all levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), in an emerging and small open transitional economy is still insufficiently focused on strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit of young people, as well as encouraging young people to self-employment as a career option. The purpose of the research is to analyze the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of University of Banja Luka (UNIBL) and to model the future contours of a reformed modern medium-sized public university in small developing economies, with the focus on building campuses as entrepreneurial ecosystems. From empirical research carried out in 2018 by using a factor and correlation analysis, it can be concluded that UNIBL does not have the characteristics of an entrepreneurial university and that it is necessary to transform the university. A modified model of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the University of Chicago adapted to small transition emerging economies was proposed.

Naser Dumairieh, Could Sufism Have Been a Means of Spreading Ibn Taymiyya’s Thought in the Ottoman Empire? Ibn Taymiyya’s influence on the Ottoman intellectual milieu is still a topic of debate. Most of the studies about this influence focus on three main figures and the movements associated with them: Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Birgiwī (d. 981/1573), Aḥmad al-Rūmī al-Āqḥiṣārī (d. ca. 1041/1632), and Qāḍīzāde Mehmed Efendī (d. 1044/1635). In this paper, I argue that, through tracing the debates over Ibn ʿArabī’s ideas, Ibn Taymiyya’s influence on Ottoman culture can in fact be identified more than a century earlier than al-Birgiwī. Hasan Umut, The Making of a Scientific Text in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire: Astronomy and Education in ʿAlī al-Qūshjī’s al-Risāla al-Fatḥiyya This paper aims to highlight the dynamic character of writing a scientific text in the late fifteenth century Ottoman Empire, by focusing on al-Risāla al-Fatḥiyya written by ʿAlī al-Qūshjī (d. 1474). Originally from Samarqand, Qūshjī was one of the central figures of the Samarqand Observatory and Madrasa, two prestigious institutions commissioned by Ulugh Beg (d. 1449), the then Timurid ruler of Transoxania. Towards the end of his life, Qūshjī settled in Istanbul upon the invitation of the Ottoman Sultan Meḥmed II (d. 1481), where he died after a short sojourn. A work in theoretical astronomy (ʿilm al-hayʾa), the Fatḥiyya was written under Ottoman patronage and dedicated to Meḥmed II upon his victory over the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Ḥasan in the Otlukbeli War in 1473. The literature on the Fatḥiyya has been mostly descriptive and far from scrutinizing its historical, local, scientific and pedagogical contexts. More interestingly, since the autograph copy of the Fatḥiyya (Ayasofya, 2733, ff. 1b-70a) has come down to us, the literature has largely based its account of the Fatḥiyya on this copy, due to which it has not so far been discovered that Qūshjī had revised his text while teaching it. By examining the available Fatḥiyya copies from codicological, historical, and scientific point of view, the paper will show the major revision processes and Qūshjī’s motivation of doing it. It will also underline the main actors and their intertwined relationship in the making of a scientific text. Aslıhan Gürbüzel, A New Volume for the Old Mathnawī: Book Seven of Mathnawī as a Nasihatnāme for Murād IV The seventeenth century is associated with the puritan movement of Kadızādelis and their strong impact on politics in the imperial capital. However, the religious history of the period is much more complicated, having seen the rise of Sufi orders which hitherto remained distanced from the imperial center. Among other groups, the Mawlawī order rose to prominence among the imperial elite after centuries of having limited interaction with the Ottoman center. This paper studies how the Mawlawī order re-established itself amidst political pressure and doctrinal criticism during the reign of Murād IV. The paper focuses on the Book Seven of Mathnawī as a book of advice which epitomized two significant tenets of the Mawlawī order. The first tenet was the commitment to the idea of a continuing revelation and therefore expanding canon, which necessitated Sufi authority as complementary to legal-normative expressions of Islam. The second tenet was the multiplicity of authorities, particularly a bifurcation of spiritual and worldly authorities. While this bifurcation had a long history, the Mawlawī network’s dynastic practices granted it a new political meaning by underlining the plurality of political authorities and the sovereignty of the Mawlawī çelebis of Konya. The paper argues that it was the latter political argument that resulted in Murād IV’s struggle with the Konya çelebis, rather than a doctrinal opposition to Sufism. Boğaç Ergene and Atabey Kaygun, “Semantic Mapping of a Fetva Collection: Ebussuud Efendi’s Jurisprudence Through A Computational Lens” While fetva collections are important sources for Islamic legal history, few scholars have considered a particular collection of jurisprudential opinions or the opinions of a specific jurist as specific areas of legal and historical exploration. Instead, most researchers use fetvas selectively and instrumentally, that is in small groups (at best) and in their explorations of various other topics. In this article, we propose computational methodologies that could comprehensively characterize the contents of a 6,000-fetva corpus by an important Ottoman jurist, Şeyhülislam Ebussuud Efendi (d. 1574), to reveal its substantive composition and range. In a way, the article conceptualizes a previously uncharted textual space just as a map depicts a geographical one. By doing so, it also provides insights into Ebussuud’s jurisprudential legacy and the major sociolegal concerns and anxieties in the Ottoman Empire during the sixteenth century. Yusuf Ziya Karabıçak, “Fetvas for the Rebels: Ottoman Islamic Law and Non-Muslim Rebels, 1768-1830” This paper proposes to examine the fetvas issued for Christian rebels in Ottoman Europe in late 18 and early 19 centuries. It will use fetvas recorded in the accounts of Ottoman chroniclers and those that can be found in the Ottoman archives for the period between the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768 and the end of the Greek Revolution in 1830. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate a change of terminology and an increasing incorporation of the fetvas as a weapon in the state’s arsenal, used to defend Ottoman order. Such fetvas became crucial in late 18 century as the Ottomans faced frequent revolts of its Christian populations in Ottoman Europe. This paper seeks to explore the following questions: Who had the power to enforce these fetvas? What was the terminology used in them and how did it change through time? Were there rivalries or miscommunications between the officials in the capital and those on the ground as to the meaning of such documents? What was the Ottoman center’s goal in using these fetvas and what do the changes in such texts signify? Malissa Taylor, “Trickle-Up Property Rights and Narratives of Ottoman Deficiency” My paper will argue that we have misunderstood the emergence of property right—specifically, property right in regard to land and real estate—in the Ottoman Empire because we expect it to follow a model familiar from Western historiography: namely, that property rights trickle down from aristocrats to other groups. I argue that, to the contrary, a secure property right in the Ottoman Empire began with the peasantry, not the elite. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the right of tasarruf (peasant usufruct on miri land) became increasingly legally defined and secured from intervention by the state, its agents or other parties. It was characterized by a lifetime tenure and limited right of inheritance that favored vertical descendants. With the approval of an authority figure, it could be transacted with the payment of a large upfront fee and smaller yearly payments thereafter. By the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, these features served as a model of a specifically Ottoman property right that had spread to other social groups: artisans received this same property right ‘bundle’ in the form of gedik, urban renters in the form of icareteyn, and ayan in the form of the malikane. Ottoman property rights did not trickle down, they trickled up. Understanding this “trickle up” process is important because it demands a re-evaluation of Ottoman early modern development. Most of our current explanatory narratives are too focused on the relationship between the sultanate and the elite to be able to capture the evolution of real property right and its modest social origin. Colin Murtha, “Constructions of Childhood in Pre-Modern Ottoman Empire.” This talk is an exploration on the nature of youth and childhood in the early-modern Ottoman Empire. Childhood, while often not discussed, was a period which was understood as shaping and impacting one’s adult life along with one’s youth. Both were also looked back on with a nostalgia, and longing in the Ottoman world. While these notices are seldom systemic and certainly never discussed in the modern sense of biography they still offer an important insight into Ottoman mentalities and self-fashioning. These observations scattered in historic works, poems, and tezkires (biographical dictionaries of poets) of the 16and 17century while limited, clearly demonstrate an interest in the developmental periods of life. These notices while tinged by larger Islamic biographic and literary tropes still shows a fairly consistent pattern in both topic and goal which is the construction of the “self”, and or, a longing for bygone eras of one’s life. This self was often, contrary to modern biographies, articulated in terms of relationship to others rather than long descriptions of one’s own life. For example, a writer may speak on his father, or will write about a teacher or series of teacher to construct both biological and mentoring genealogies. These descriptions tend to be framed alongside specific life stages, so I read these notices as part of an Ottoman understanding of development in youth and childhood. Kate Dannies, “Gender, Family, and the Making of the Ottoman Military Family.” This research examines Ottoman approaches to military reform and modernization during the long nineteenth century from the perspective of family and gender identity. Through a critical reading of 19th century Ottoman military legislation, Sharia court records, and documents from Ottoman state welfare institutions, I show that militaries during this period were reformed to accommodate and reinforce the socioeconomic structure of the male breadwinner-led nuclear family and its attendant gender roles. This impetus led to the passage of gendered military laws that continue to structure the way that economic responsibility and family structure is viewed

Studies that have investigated soil carbon dynamics under Mediterranean conditions are scarce and fragmented and contrasting results have often been reported. This study aimed to fill some gaps in our knowledge by: (i) determining annual dynamics of total (RS) and heterotrophic (RH) soil respiration; (ii) estimating annual cumulative RS and RH; and (iii) investigating the relationships between RS and RH and soil temperature and water content. The study was carried out in central Italy, for a plain and a hilly site, with the focus on two main cropping systems: an alfalfa-based forage system and a wheat-based rotation system. RS and RH showed different dynamics, with spatial and temporal variability across these sites. Estimated annual cumulative RS fluxes were 8.97 and 7.43 t C ha –1 yr–1 for the plain and hilly alfalfa-based sites, respectively, and 4.67 and 5.22 t C ha–1 yr–1 for the plain and hilly wheat-based sites, respectively. The RH components of RS were 4.26 and 3.52 t C ha –1 yr–1 for the plain and hilly alfalfa-based sites, respectively, and 3.89 and 2.45 t C ha–1 yr–1 for the plain and hilly wheat-based sites, respectively. A model with a combination of soil temperature and soil water content explained 43 % to 49 % and 33 % to 67 % of the annual variation of RS and RH, respectively. These findings help to extend our knowledge of Mediterranean cropping systems, although further studies are needed to clarify the effects of management practices on the modelling of soil respiration efflux.

One of the frequently occurring tasks during the development of warehouse management systems is the implementation of routing algorithms of some kind. Whether it is for routing workers during order picking, delivery vehicles or company representatives, this task has proven to be challenging in the technical as well as the social sense. In other words, the task is heavily dependent on various general and company-specific constraints and it directly dictates the way employees should do their job. This paper describes a strategic approach to the development and gradual integration of such algorithms which makes sure that all constraints are satisfied and, more importantly, ensures that route suggestions are viewed by the employees as a helpful tool rather than a threat to their job. In the first part of this paper, the approach is described and evaluated on a warehouse representative routing problem through a real-world case study in a medium-to-large warehouse. In the second part, the same approach is adapted to a delivery vehicle routing problem for a smaller retailer company. In both cases, routing efficiency almost doubled in comparison to previous approaches used by the companies. The most important factors of the implementation and integration stages as well as the impact of the changes on employee satisfaction are aggregated, analysed in detail, and discussed throughout different stages of development.

The article presents research about the use of genetic algorithms in the analysis of the interrelation among curriculum courses in higher education. The authors used genetic algorithms as a method to analyse the influence that achieved grades in predictors' courses have on achieved grades in dependent courses as well as to observe whether the genetic algorithms can contribute to improving the curriculum. The research was based on a set of data related to the success of students from the Faculty of Information Technologies at the University 'Džemal Bijediae' in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim was to anticipate students' grades based on the grades they obtained in previous semester's courses. This research should help educational institutions to evaluate the suitability of the sequence of courses within the curriculum in order to enable personalized learning paths, make the teaching processes more efficient, and promote a balanced curriculum. Namely, a good curriculum can attract new students, improve the success rate of enrolled students, and increase the quality and visibility of the institution. Since the genetic algorithm is search techniques for handling complex spaces, we can use it for the research at each stage of the educational process. Analyses of quantitative data using a genetic algorithm can help educational institutions improve the quality of teaching.