UDK 631.4:551.583(497.6) The value of the landscape in the karst region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is the foundation of its existence and the key role in its appearance and formation is played by geomorphology and the soil. Through history the man has created a „cultural landscape” which is completely adapted to the natural conditions. He further enriches the space and makes it more appealing. Soils in B&H karst are extremely heterogeneous and form a real pedological mosaic. Found on the Mesozoic sediments of limestone and dolomite of the Middle and Upper Jurassic and Early and Late Cretaceous are Bare rocks (barren land), Rocky grounds (Lithosol), Limestone-dolomite Black soil (Calcomelanosol) and Brown soil on limestone and dolomite (Calcocambisol). A specificity of these rocks are the screes that are transported down the hillside. A series may occur on them in which, if shale materials are contained, Rendzina appears as a calcareous soil. In addition to the above mentioned limestone and dolomite, there are marly limestones of Jurassic and Cretaceous age and Quaternary sediments on which Alluvial soils (Fluvisol) developed as well as the soils of karst fields which are sometimes very porous and skeletal and sometimes heavy and clayey on impermeable substrate (hydromorphic soils). The paper will provide an overview of characteristic soil types in the Sub-Mediterranean upper and lower karst region of B&H taking into account a range of properties that make them sensitive and vulnerable within the ecosystem. These should include a lack of water on the surface and large fluctuations in the amount of water during the rainy and dry seasons and whimsicality of climate in general, which has a huge impact on the state of biodiversity and human lives in this region.

In biological sciences, logical–mathematical argumentation implies previous determination of concept biometrical unit of observation and then, using integers, argumentation of probability (relative frequency) of apperance in the given conditions, i.e. determination of the explained and unexplained (residual) variation of defined biometrical unit of observation. Therefore, if we are aware that concept and number are outcomes of a prior and rational thinking, then we consider certain correspondence between a concept and a number, defined in such a way. Particularly, in biological and, thus, agricultural sciences biometrical units of observation are mostly existing, so the determination of concept implies the abstraction of its objectiveness (concept is defined as a process of the abstaction of objectiveness). It follows that, in biometrical analysis, a number is the abstraction of quantity of biometrical unit objectiveness, previously abstracted. For such a correspondence, logic and mathematics are closely related, but not identical. However, in biometrical analyses, there is a methodological query, considering the logic of abstraction of the appointed numbers, and determination of attributive value quantity (abstracted property of biometrical units of observation). Two questions are imposed here: 1) in biometrics, a zero represents an attributive property (do not exist, is not recorded, have no characteristics etc.) and 2) abstraction and classification of quantity of attributive properties by linguistic variables (a classification of fruits by their size: small, medium–small, medium–large, large, very large etc.). It is evident that one can not draw a conclusion here by mathematization, i.e. based on the binary logic predicates, by notions like true (┬) or false (┴) [1 or 0], so principles of polyvalent (many–valued) logical systems, like fuzzy–logic, have emerged as an alternative. The objective of this research was to reconsider the question of logical–mathematical argumention in biometrical inferences in biological and agricultural sciences.

realistic and expected treatment contribution [(x̄treatment x̄control), i.e. ∆x̄T1T2] which is assessed as being functional and indicative regardless of the statistical significance of the established differences. Hence, when the experimental results confirm the indicative treatment effects it is expected that those are also confirmed by the appropriate statistical tests. The same is expected also in case when this relationship is inversed. However, in the case when applied statistical test documents conclusions which are contrary to the indicative treatment contribution, then the experimental results and the defined research goals are in an absurd relation and have to be additionally analysed. The first step in the analysis of these relations is checking the variability of the observed experimental units within the samples, i.e. verification of the representability of the experimental samples by the analysis of allowed variations in the argumentation of central tendencies of the treatments. Ignoring the absurd relations regarding the functional or indicative treatment effect as the set research objective and the statistical significance of the differences supporting the research objective in conclusion can make the research itself absurd.

In order to analyze morphological characteristics of locally cultivated common bean landraces from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), thirteen quantitative and qualitative traits of 40 P. vulgaris accessions, collected from four geographical regions (Northwest B&H, Northeast B&H, Central B&H and Sarajevo) and maintained at the Gene bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences in Sarajevo, were examined. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the proportion of variance retained in the first two principal components was 54.35%. The first principal component had high contributing factor loadings from seed width, seed height and seed weight, whilst the second principal component had high contributing factor loadings from the analyzed traits seed per pod and pod length. PCA plot, based on the first two principal components, displayed a high level of variability among the analyzed material. The discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) created 3 discriminant functions (DF), whereby the first two discriminant functions accounted for 90.4% of the variance retained. Based on the retained DFs, DAPC provided group membership probabilities which showed that 70% of the accessions examined were correctly classified between the geographically defined groups. Based on the taxonomic distance, 40 common bean accessions analyzed in this study formed two major clusters, whereas two accessions Acc304 and Acc307 didn’t group in any of those. Acc360 and Acc362, as well as Acc324 and Acc371 displayed a high level of similarity and are probably the same landrace. The present diversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s common been landraces could be useful in future breeding programs.

The aim of this paper was genetic and pomological characterization of total autochthonous gene pool of sweet chestnut in Bosnia and Herzegovina, conserved in situ and selection of the most valuable of genotypes. The sample was consisted of 130 trees from three locations: 50 from northwestern Bosnia, 50 from northern Herzegovina and 30 from eastern Bosnia. All pomological characteristics showed a very high variability. Fruit weight ranged from 2.4 to 12.7 g. The average fruit weight was 6.26 g, which points to the necessity of introducing breeding programs. Microsatellite markers (13 loci) were used for genetic analysis. The average number of alleles for the total sample and all loci was 5.3077, the number of genotypes 9.5385, while the value of the informative test on the contents of polymorphism content was 0.4911. The results of the analysis of heterogeneity showed a significant discrepancy between the observed and expected heterozygosity. The trees with high pomological values have been selected for the further selection.

Jabuka predstavlja vocnu kulturu sa najvecim brojem opisanih monogenih odlika, sto je cini idealnom vrstom za predstavljanje najnovijih saznanja i dostignuca iz podrucja genetike i oplemenjivanja bilja. U udžbeniku su obrađeni sljedeci glavni segmenti: osnovne karakteristike biologije jabuke, genetski mehanizmi kontrole bitnih komercijalnih svojstava, genetske osnove otpornosti, tradicionalne i moderne tehnike u stvaranju novih kultivara i podloga jabuke, primjena molekularnih markera u oplemenjivanju jabuke te genetski resursi.