Abstract The Harderian gland of 110 laying hens was histologically investigated from the time of hatching to the period of 10 months of age. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and methyl green-pyronin technique. The research shows that lymphoid tissue is colonised by three types of cells: heterophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The number of these cells is directly dependent on the bird’s age. During the lifetime of the hens there gradually comes a shift in the dominance of these three cell types. Lymphoid nodules are detected only in 40-day-old chickens, while later in adult birds the Harderian gland is the organ which contains the largest number of mature plasma cells. Some plasma cells contain Russell bodies with different size and shape.

Morphological characteristics of the digestive systems in birds are direct reflection of evolutionary adaptations of these animals to different type and way of diet. The research conducted on domestic and some wild birds indicate that besides the evolutionary factors, time of start of food intake after the hatching, and amount and composition of food in the period of intensive growth also influence morphological characteristics of digestive systems in birds. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of extensive and intensive way of farming, and different types and amount of food on the morphometric characteristics of the small and large intestines in 45 broiler turkeys (BIG BUT 600). Statistical analysis shows that the way of breeding and the type and quantity of food all have significant impact on the body weight in turkeys but do not influence the length of the intestinal tract in these animals. Key words: turkey, digestive system, morphology

A study of mesiodistal crown values of permanent frontal teeth and their relationship in the jaws was performed on 10 German Shepherd dogs, 1-10 years of age, who belong to a group of lupoid or mesocephalic head type. Study material was taken after the autopsy examination of dead dogs, which was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Sarajevo. A total of 160 teeth were measured, of which 120 incisors and 40 canines. Examined dogs were classified by age, sex and length of the dental arch of the upper and lower jaw. Length of dental arch of the upper and lower jaws of German Shepherds is in range from 8 to 11.5 cm, with longer mandibular dental arch than the upper jaw. The differences in the dimensions of individual teeth between male and female German Shepherds were significant at p<0.05 for the first incisor. Among other teeth, no statistically significant differences were found. However, the numerical dimensions of the teeth were generally higher in males, especially related to the upper jaw. The highest values in the dimensions of the teeth were found in dogs age 4-7 years, and lowest values among older individuals (8-10 years). The lowest significance of determined differences was related to the C1 tooth. Key words: crown, frontal teeth, German Shepherd

Morphology and morphometry of the bones are the methods often used for identification of species, estimation of animals' age, and genetic and forensic investigation. The mandible as the largest bone of the head is perhaps the most representative sample for this research. The aim of this study was to determine the basic morphometric parameters of the mandible of roe deer and sheep in order to identify the species. All samples were described by linear measure morphometric analysis of 12 specific anatomical points on the mandibles of roe deer and sheep. The results obtained are presented in the Table as mean and standard deviation. Key words: morphology, morphometry, mandible, roe deer, shee

Lameness in sheep, especially in semi-extensive breeding of Dubska pramenka, which starts in the interdigital region, was the motive of our morphological and histological research, in order to and in some way, bring the structure of the interdigital sinus in correlation with the appearance of this pathological state that causes extensive economical losses in the domestic sheep breeding,. The anatomical location of the interdigital diverticulum, its histological structure, which point to abundance of sebaceous glands around the hair follicles surrounding the interdigital opening and interdigital glands in deeper layers, point to the suggestion that their secretion increases due to poor hygienic keeping conditions. Pathogens - anaerobic microorganisms, which are most commonly causing the contagious lameness find the ideal conditions for their growth and reproduction because the secretion of these glands is likely "to close" the only "air" communication - interdigital opening.

The mink is a strict carnivore and a seasonal breeder, which may be used as an experimental model for other carnivores. Using anatomical methods, 32 brains of the N. American mink were examined. It was found that the brain consists of four ventricles. Also, it was noted that the posterior horn was missing and that the olfactory recess was present in the lateral ventricle, a large-size interthalamic connection was present in the third ventricle, and a flat, necklace like bottom in the fourth ventricle. Only recently, the ins and outs of the mink’s anatomical structure have begun to absorb the attention of anatomists. Apparently, it is related to the fact that fury animals, among them the mink, are being domesticated. For this reason and because of easy access to the material, the purpose of brain dissection is to familiarize with the three dimensional structure of the brain and teach one of the great methods of studying the brain: looking at its structure.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional capacity of the liver based on the activity of specific enzymes and bilirubin in serum and also to investigate the influence of mechanical and toxic effects of Fasciola hepatica on the structures of the blood vessels and biliary tract in the sheep liver. Methods Blood samples and liver of 63 indigenous sheep of Pramenka breed, slaughtered in the period from March to December 2009 were used. Based on parasitological findings in the liver, all animals were divided into two groups: control (n = 34) and infected group (n = 29). For investigation and description of pathological changes in sheep liver, naturally infected with F. hepatica, corrosion cast technique was used. Results Biochemical analysis of tested parameters showed a significant elevation (P≤0.05) of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) in infected sheep group comparing with the control group. No significant differences were observed for activity of aspartate aminotranferase (AST) between groups. Vascular and biliary systems of the liver were found to be affected. Conclusion Results of biochemical analysis are consistent with pathological findings and measuring of tested parameters could be used in early diagnosis of sheep fasciolosis and to test the effectiveness of anthelmintic therapy. Corrosion cast technique is very useful for investigation of pathological changes and neoangiogenesis of vascular and biliary system in sheep liver, caused by mechanical and toxic effects of F. hepatica.

Abstract – The largest and most complete joint in Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse is knee joint, which consists of two joints: femoropatellar and femorotibial joint. From the point of functional anatomy and due to the load on the knee joint, the study of functional structures of femorotibial joint is of particular interest. Femorotibial joint is formed by the condyles of the femur and tibia. Femur and tibia are joined together by two powerful connections, the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments ( lig. cruciatum craniale et caudale ). By dissection the muscles were carefully removed, the joint capsule opened, the ligaments dissected and the menisci separated. The results of measurement are presented in the Table. The lateral meniscus (meniscus lateralis ) is highly developed. All measured parameters except for the width of the central part of the meniscus, indicate the lateral meniscus being greater than the medial meniscus. The objectives of this paper were to determine significant morphometric characteristics of the meniscus and meniscus-femoral connection of the lateral meniscus. Key words: horse, joint, meniscus, ligament

Tapetum lucidum is the specially modifided, bio-reflecting tissue layer, which at most vertebrates covers the biggest part of the middle eye tunic, the chorioidea. Physiologically, the most important role of this layer is to reflect light which passes through the retina back to it, causing the secondary stimulation of the photoreceptors. In the dim light ambient conditions when the pupil is dilated, reflected beams of the light create the visual effect of the “animals' eyes shining in the dark“, while exiting the eyes. The aims of this study are to define bio-reflecting and morphological charachteristics of the tapetum lucidum in the dog and cow eyes. Because the tapetum lucidum is an adaptive structure of the eye on poorly illuminated environment, the results of our research indicate that the anatomy of the eye, particulary shape of the pupil, placement of the eyes on the animals' head, and diet, all affect the morphology and bio-reflecting characteristics of this structure. Key words: tapetum lucidum, eyeshine, morphology

Ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) is the largest living bird not indiginious in our climate, but with a currently increasing trend of farm breeding in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the purposes of food and leather industry. Beside the standard laboratory methods for meat specification, it is also necessary to be familiar with morphological characteristics of the ostrich musculature, in order to be able to specify the meat on the market, i.e. to determinate authenticity of the meat declaration. The research was conducted on three mature female African Black ostriches in the age range between 3 to 7 years. By dissecting tibiotarsal, tarsometatarsal and phalangeal region, 15 muscles were identified with their basic morphometric and functional characteristics established. Key words: ostrich, musculature, topography, extensors, flexors

One thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight patients were hospitalized and treated at the Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Zabok General Hospital between January 1, 1990 and December 12, 1994. The majority of patients were admitted because of cardiovascular diseases (59.3%), gastrointestinal diseases (14.0%), metabolic diseases (5.1%), chronic obstructive lung disorders (4.6%), allergy and shock. The results show that the average treatment time of patients with cardiovascular diseases was 4.6 days, gastrointestinal diseases 3.2 days and metabolic diseases 4.2 days. The average age for males was 58 years and for females 64 years. We conclude that even hospitals with moderate equipment may provide a quick and proper medical care for critically ill patients.