AIM This study was focused on the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human dental pulp (DPSC). METHODS The study was performed in the Department for Oral and Cranio-Maxillo- Facial Surgey Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar and Weill Cornell Medical Colleague Doha, Qatar, in period 2010-2011. Dental pulp was extracted from premolars and third molars of 19 healthy patients. The pulp was digested in a solution of 3 mg/mL collagenase type I and 4 mg/mL dispase for 1 hour at 37C. After filtration, cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM Low Glucoses) with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2mM L-glutamine and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ug/mL streptomycin) at 37 °C under 5% CO2. Cultures were treated with osteoinductive medium for differentiation MSC in to the osteoblast cell line. Staining with Alizarin red were used for the detection of the osteoblast production and calcification new formed tissue. RESULTS On the total of three out of 19 patients it was possible to isolate DPMSCs after 2 to 3 weeks: in one patient it was not possible to expand MSCs because of infection, and in other two patients positive Alizarin red staining reaction showed osteogenic differentiation capability and strong mineralization in vitro. CONCLUSION The main advantage of using DPSC is absence of morbidity. MSCs could be isolated noninvasively from teeth, routinely extracted in the clinic and discarded as medical waste. Standardization of clinical and laboratory protocols for DPMSCs isolation and team work coordination could lead to significantly improved result.

Original article 1 Mean platelet volume predicts the glycemic control deterioration in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients 36 Can a finding of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials contribute to vestibular migraine diagnostics? 50 Does odor and taste identification change during hyperemesis gravidarum? 62 Factors affecting mortality in emergency surgery in cases of complicated colorectal cancer ABSTRACT Aim To investigate association of mean platelet volume (MPV) and glycemic control markers, and whether MPV could be used as a predictor of deterioration of glucoregulation in Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) patients. Methods The cross-sectional study included 106 DMT2 patients, treated at the Primary Health Care Centre in Zenica, distributed into groups according to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values: A (n=44, HbA1c ≤7.0%) and B (n=62, HbA1c>7.0%). Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationships between MPV and glycemic control markers. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the relationship between glycemic control, as dichotomous outcome, and MPV as the main predictor. Diagnostic value of MPV as a marker for poor glucoregulation was estimated by using ROC analysis. Results Mean platelet volume was significantly higher in the group B compared to the group A (p<0.0005). Significant positive correlations of MPV with fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were found in the total sample (rho=0.382, p<0.0005; rho=0.430, p<0.0005, respectively). Mean platelet volume was positively associated with the risk of inadequate glycemic control, with 2 times increased odds of inadequate glycemic control per femtoliter The area under ROC curve for MPV was 0.726 (95% CI: =0.628-0.823, p <0.0005). At the best cutoff value 9.55 fL, MPV showed sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 54.5%. Conclusion Mean platelet volume correlates with glycemic control markers in DMT2 patients. It could be used as a simple and cost-effective predictor of deterioration of glucoregulation.

Bone marrow mesenchymal cells have been identified as a source of pluripotent stem cells with multipotential potential and differentiation in to the different cells types such as are osteoblast, chondroblast, adipoblast. In this research we describe pioneering experiment of tissue engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the isolation and differentiation rat bone marrow stromal cells in to the osteoblast cells lineages. Rat bone marrow stromal cells were isolated by method described by Maniatopulos using their plastic adherence capatibility. The cells obtained by plastic adherence were cultured and serially passaged in the osteoinductive medium to differentiate into the osteocytes. Bone marrow samples from rats long bones used for isolation of stromal cells (BMSCs). Under determinate culture conditions BMSCs were differentiated in osteogenic cell lines detected by Alizarin red staining three weeks after isolation. BMSCs as autologue cells model showed high osteogenetic potential and calcification capatibility in vitro. In future should be used as alternative method for bone transplantation in Regenerative Medicine.

During this research, it has been established that in Sarajevo area, there is a high prevalence of children suffering from bronchitis and asthma. The number of diseased children has tripled in the period of ten years. Though there is no clear evidence, it is indicative that there is a correlation between air quality and the number of diseased.

Definition of the problem: The term pregnancies with adverse outcome including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and birth with congenital anomalies. Material and Methods: We analyzed pregnancies with adverse outcome in the Zenicko-Dobojski Canton during the period 2006-2009. The materials used during research, were regular statistical reports of the Department of Gynecology, perinatology and neonatology Cantonal Hospital in Zenica, and reports of the Institute for Public Health Zenicko-Dobojski Canton. Following data was taken from the histories of subjects: general outcome of pregnancy (considered as a successful and unsuccessful pregnancy, in particular the total number of abortions, stillbirths and births of children with anomalies), mother age, women who underwent amniocentesis and those that needed to be done , previous significant pregnancy illnesses, family history, father’s age. For the statistical analysis, we used relative numbers, determine the arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Research results: Show that 19.25% of pregnancies ended with an adverse outcome in the Zenicko-Dobojski Canton in the three years studied. Of these, most spontaneous abortions, 73.4% were related to women with an age of 20-35. Looking at the results of research in 2009. the most outstanding figures was that only 12.5% of pregnant women had regular checkups. The largest number of the unemployed and housewives with primary and secondary schools. Of these women 16.4% had other illnesses (hypertensive disease in pregnancy and diabetes mellitus). The previous pregnant women had abortions 36.7% and 8% had recurrent habitual abortions. Of these 25% were primipare. Smokers were 12.4%. Conclusions: Our results show that the number of pregnancies with an adverse outcome increases with the number of previous spontaneous abortions. Because of irregular pregnancy checkups we have a low amniocentesis uptake and a lack of genetic consultations which should be of high interest for a gynecologist and perinatologist in certain cases.

Bone marrow contains cell type termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), first recognized in bone marrow by a German pathologist, Julius Cohnheim in 1867. That MSCs have potential to differentiate in vitro in to the various cells lines as osteoblast, chondroblast, myoblast and adipoblast cells lines. Aims of our study were to show in vivo capacity of bone marrow MSC to produce bone in surgically created non critical size mandible defects New Zeland Rabbits, and then in second part of study to isolate in vitro MSC from bone marrow, as potential cell transplantation model in bone regeneration. In vivo study showed new bone detected on 3D CT reconstruction day 30, on all 3 animals non critical size defects, treated with bone marrow MSC exposed to the human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (rhBMP-7). Average values of bone mineral density (BMD), was 530 mg/cm3, on MSC treated animals, and 553 mg/cm3 on control group of 3 animals where non critical size defects were treated with iliac crest autologue bone graft. Activity of the Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme were measurement on 0.5, 14, 21, 30 day and increased activity were detected day 14 on animals treated with bone marrow MSCs compared with day 30 on iliac crest treated animals. That results indicates strong osteoinduction activity of the experimental bone marrow MSCs models exposed to the rhBMP-7 factor Comparing ALP activity, that model showed superiorly results than control group. That result initiates us in opinion that MSCs alone should be alternative for the autolologue bone transplantation and in vitro study we isolated singles MSCs from the bone marrow of rat's tibia and femora and cultivated according to the method of Maniatopoulos et all. The small initial colonies of fibroblast like cells were photo-documented after 2 days of primary culture. Such isolated and cultivated MSCs in future studies will be exposed to the growth factors to differentiate in osteoblast and indicate their clinically potential as alternative for conventional medicine and autologue bone transplantation. That new horizons have potential to minimize surgery and patient donor morbidity, with more success treatment in bone regenerative and metabolism diseases.

BACKGROUND To identify the presence of schizophrenia among patients and their relatives, factors affecting duration and prognosis of the disease and other etiological factors related to schizophrenia. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive, analytical and epidemiological research, which was conducted at the Psychiatric hospital of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo during 2007, covered randomly selected 100 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia according to diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Diagnosis of schizophrenia among relatives was based on anamnesis- Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) and it was applied to confirm DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia. RESULTS The presence of schizophrenia among patient relatives was the most important in etiology of schizophrenia (62%), and etiological factors were represented in 38 % of examinees (p=0,0001). Among relatives of examinees aged 20 - 30 years, schizophrenia was present in 37 (59.7%) cases. Schizophrenia among relatives caused earlier appearance of the disease. Duration of hospitalization of over 60 days was in the group of examinees which have the relatives with schizophrenia, 18 (29.0%); multiple hospitalizations were noted in the group of relatives in 40 (64.5%) cases; in one case (8.3%) traumatic experience was noted, in three (42.8%) acute stress, and in four 4 cases (28.6%) non-adequate living conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that reversionary factors are responsible for inducing schizophrenia, which leads towards chronic course of the disease and worsened prognosis.

During war, especially in territories under siege, one of the biggest problems in survival of people is hunger [1]. Same was in surrounded Sarajevo, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where inhabitants were kept in total blockage for over 1,400 days continuously. People lacked in all main ingredients, especially in flour, vegetables and fruits. First author of this study lived through all dreadful war occurrences and at the same time worked as an instructor in human survival by using edible wild plants. Parts of those experiences are provided in this study. Beside already achieved results, researches were continued during 1999-2004. By using method of ethno – botanical interview about 135 people of different sex and age were interviewed, in addition to field work, and determined were 124 species of wild plants. Out of 135 species, 240 parts were used (leafs, fruits, over ground parts) in making about 215 different preparations (salads, beverages, vegetable, spices, teas). Most plants had edibility rating 3, then 4 and 5 with distinguished nutritive and caloric values. Most important are the following: Taraxacum officinale, Plantago major, Urtica dioica, Malva sylvestris, Cichorium intybus, Arctium lappa, Tussilago farfara, Sedum telephium, Prunus spinosa, Cratagus monogyna and others. During winter, used were fruits of decorative species Chaenomeles japonica, Sempervivum tectorum and Sedum hispanica. As war progressed and hunger had more serious consequences, interest of all people became bigger for everything edible. This study proves that hunger is one of the strongest cohesion factors that unify different groups of people not only based on social, but on ethnical and ideological affiliations [2,3]. References: 1.Redzic, S.J. (2006). Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45, 189-232. 2. Redzic, S.J. (2006). Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45, 189-232. 3. Redzic, S. (1999). Pharmacia, 10, 28-41. Need to be returned to authors for further editing and revision.

All wars, historical and those in modern times, emphasize human nutrition as key issue [1]. Usually, conventional food is insufficient and people are trying to survive by using additional sources in wild plants, animals and mushrooms. Same situation was during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95). During several seasons in 2000-2006, researches were conducted on use of edible mushrooms and lichens in survival of people in isolated war areas in eastern Bosnia region, where war activities were extremely difficult and followed by killings of civilians, exoduses and total blockages. 35 adults were interviewed, all of different sex and age, who spent war period in occupied zones. By using method of ethno–botanical interview and direct field work, determined were 15 species of mushrooms and 5 species of lichens that were used in human nutrition. Most used mushrooms were as follows: Lactarius piperatus, Morchella conica, Agaricus campester, Boletus edulis, Boletus sp., Cantharellus cibarius, Russula sp., Tricholoma sp. and others. Most used lichens were following species: Evernia prunastri and Lobaria pulmonaria for making mash and lichen flour. Mushrooms were grilled or boiled, and some species were even used raw. Noted were also mushroom poisonings. Even though mushrooms are not most common nutrition ingredient in these areas, people, including soldiers, were forced to use mushrooms and lichens in order to survive. This is a good example of the fact that hunger and fear of hunger and very strong factor in human survival [2, 3]. References: 1.Redzic, S.J. (2006). Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45, 189-232. 2. Redzic, S. (1999). Pharmacia, 10, 28-41. 3. Redzic, S. (2006b). Proceedings of the 1st IFOAM International Conference on Organic Wild Production, Teslic, BiH, 2006, 117-141.

The species of genus Onosma contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids [1] and use in treatment of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases in some regions of W. Balkan [2, 3] . Goal of this study is to research genotoxic effects of over ground and underground parts of species Onosma stellulata in vitro conditions. Floral material for this research was collected during May and June of 2006 in area of Herzegovina (W. Balkan). Floral samples were dried and exposed to double mazzeration in accordance with Ph.Yug. IV in order to receive extract that was used in making 0.05% and 0.10% solution. Evaluation of geno-toxic effect was conducted by using Allium-test, along with observation of chromosomes abnormalities (partition spindle, irregular phases, multi-polarity, stagnating chromosomes, C-mitosis, and others). Effects were observed after 4, 8, 12 and 24-hours treatments. Testing of differences between determined (experimental group) and expected (control group) was conducted by using X2 test. Extracts of both concentrations, both over and under ground parts and root, are causing geno-toxic effects in mitosis at meristematic cells of onion. Genotoxic effect is in co-relation with length of treatment and solution concentration. Aquatic extract of over ground part showed distinguished geno-toxic effect after 4-hours treatment (mitotic index was 2, 79%, and in control was 9, 18%). Determined was also statistically significant difference for 0, 10% extract of over ground part (p≤0.05). Higher degree of geno-toxic effect was determined for root extract. Genotoxic effect is reflected at changes in structure of chromosomes (conglutination, spirality), and cito-toxic reaction and certain variations in cell cycle. References:1. El-Shazly A et al. (2003). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31( 5): 477-485. 2. Redzic SS (2007) Coll. Antropol. 31: 869-890 3. Redzic S (2007) Planta Med. 73: 1013.

Objective: Youngsters like to experiment with risky life stiles, without adequate knowledge about long-term health effects. Bosnia and Herzegovina is currently going through transition period and is a postwar society with various risk factors for drugs abuse (economic, social and health). The main objective of the research was to describe adolescents behavior in consumption of alcohol and in relation to area type, gender, religion, age, parental attitude, friends and to investigate effect of biological hereditary factors related to certain behavior. Methods: This epidemiological research was done in urban and rural areas of Sarajevo Canton, involving 368 adolescents: 170 males, 198 females; aged 12-17, with equal urban and rural distribution. The research tool used was Q 2004 (K.B. Kelly, 2000). Using this tool, impact of hereditary factors related to tobacco, alcohol and drugs was explored and EPI info was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of total number of individuals involved in the study 25.8% were found to be cigarette smokers, 39.4% consumed alcohol, and 2.2% consumed marijuana. Out of total number of adolescents who use alcohol, 43.4% are from rural and 56.6% urban area; 69.0% come from high school and 31% from primary; 53.1% are male; 46.9% female; 44.8% alcohol consumers smoke tobacco vs. 13.5%; 4.8% use drugs and alcohol vs. 0.4%. Mean age of alcohol consumption beginning was 14. Results determine genealogical analysis of frequency of consuming alcohol and tobacco related paternal side (maternal side rarely) and adolescent. It is not proved that hereditary factors play important role in use of these substances. Impact of hereditary factors among drug users is negative. Conclusion: Adolescents in developing countries tend to abuse psychoactive substances. It is determined that parents (particularly father) use tobacco and alcohol, but rarely. None of above mentioned family members abuse drugs. Therefore, impact of hereditary factors related to abuse drugs is not proved. These results could be used to develop an appropriate prevention strategy. It is necessary to be aware of all relevant risk factors. Quality of life depends of these factors, and treatment should be multidisciplinary for these cases, including medical, genetic and dental experts in the field.