In order to have successful technical analysis athletics uses modern biomechanical methods, and the obtained results are subjected to numerous analyzes. On the basis of the results of biomechanical parameters the most successful motor structure techniques of a competitor can be planned, programmed and analyzed, and based on this information projections for the top model in a given discipline can be made. Also based on these data possible gender differences between the jumpers can be analyzed, in order to possibly establish model and numerical values for both male and female population of jumpers. The survey was conducted on a sample of male and female finalists of the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009 with the aim of determining the difference in the kinematic parameters that are important in achieving the score success. The sample included 16 athletes (8 female and 8 male), who participated in the finals World Championship. Using T-test module were obtained the results which established statistically significant differences between male and female athletes in eight (72%) of the analyzed kinematic parameters in favor of male jumpers. The differences were identified in the following kinematic parameters: running speed on the section run (11-6m; T=8,347) and (6-1m, T=8,031), the speed of the second step (VLCT2SB, T=8,678), the first step (VLCT1SB, T=11,463) and the horizontal speed of the rebound (HoVLCT, T=4,627) to the level of significance (p<0,001).Also were identified differences in the parameters of the length of the third step (LNGT3SB, T=2,840), the first step (LNGT1SB, T=2,270) and vertical speed of the rebound (VoVLCT, T=2,246) to the level of significance (p<0,05). Kinematic parameters (28%) of the second step length (LNGT2SB), the duration of phase contact (CONTACT) and the angle of reflection (ANGLE) have not recorded statistically significant differences between male and female finalists, which amounts to 28%.

The need to get 'fit' has resulted in a planetary fitness centre expansion, which has by the principle of cause and effect brought out a massive number of different fitness exercising programmes, methods, equipment and props, with an aim to achieve better and faster training results, i.e. the wanted transformational anthropological status. The new fitness programs are emerging almost every day, which in spite of a vast marketing support and a current publicity are forgotten very fast. Within those conditions, in order to achieve satisfaction and trust of your clients, the offered programmes need to produce wanted effects in regards to the transformation of targeted abilities or characteristics of those who perform exercises. This presents constant challenges to the fitness industry, along with the obligation to seek for optimum, scientifically accepted and proven exercising methods. It is because of those reasons that the professional fitness centres are interested in introducing and applying only proven training methods, using highly sophisticated and technologically advanced equipment. This paper deals with a detail analysis of vibration training methods as one of the three methods which have been developed through a research designed for the astronauts. It was released into public after the fall of the “Berlin Wall 1989” and opening the secret USSR and USA documents. The current research defines the related units starting from epistemology of the vibration training, its application as an alternative to developing conditional capacities (strength, muscle endurance, increasing mobility, elasticity, muscle coordination and the balance between reduced pain and muscle tone, increasing peripheral circulation, etc.) clinical use in physiotherapy and vibration training (in regards to strength increase, power, flexibility, mineral bone density, increased cardio-vascular functions as well as reducing pain) and vibration training as one of the means to athlete recovery (body's regeneration processes) so as to prevent negative training effects (the development of overtraining and chronic fatigue). Each of the units will contain information which is relevant to the theory and practice in sport, recreation and convalescence of athletes and patients. Article visualizations:

Anaerobic abilities is the dominant activity in submaximal and maximal intensity. Conditioned by the good functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, morphological status, metabolism, muscle structure, etc. The research has conducted with the aim of evaluating fatique index of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. The sample included a total of 50 male students from Eastern Sarajevo and Niksic (age 21±0,5years, the average weight 78,05±8,14kg). For the evaluation of fatique index of students applied to the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test  (RAST). The results showed values of anaerobic capacity of students who ''are expected'' for this population. Average index of fatigue was recorded with students (FI=8,00 watts/sec) and max.value about 17watts/sec  suggesting a weaker state of anaerobic capacity or lower tolerance to lactate, despite the fact that it is a physically active population

Mensur Vrcić , Ratko Pavlović , Sid Solaković, Erol Kovačević 1 and Ensar Abazović Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Clinical Center in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Croatia

IntroductionInsufficient physical activity is a major health problem of one nation, a factor that greatly contributes to the emergence and development of chronic diseases and disorders, before all of the cardiovascular system, heart and blood vessel diseases, diabetes occurs (Blair, La Monte & Nichaman, 2004). There are many reasons for the scientific research of man's mental and physical abilities, such as: determination of certain parameters to assess the current capabilities as the basis for the development and implementation of training programs in the future, determining the effects of certain exercise programs, exercise programs verification. Human body is very complex and dynamic self-regulating system. It is complex because it consists of a series of integrated linked sub-systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system) where impaired function of one system leads to impaired function of the other system. The self-regulating because it can independently of optimal regime of life activity when changing external or internal conditions. It is dynamic because it can change its state under the influence of other external factors (Blagajac Stejic, and Corovic, 1991). In physical education, one of the reasons for the psychophysical research of the human abilities is the determination of certain parameters in order to evaluate the current capabilities among the respondents of the population defined. On the basis of obtained results it can be determined the current state of psychological and physical abilities of the examined population, furthermore, a plan and some of the training program can be proposed. Some authors (Wilmore & Costill, 1986, Nikolic, 2003, Misigoj-Durakovic, 2008; Sharma, Subramanian, & Arunachalam, 2013) believe that functional capabilities (cardiovascular fitness and cardiovascular endurance) are accepted as the most important indicators of active health. Athletes, as part of their physical preparation must train components of fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, body composition). Each sport requires these components to some extent, because it cannot be any progress in the skill of any kind of sport, if it is not accompanied by the development of appropriate capabilities: strength, endurance (cardio-respiratory and muscular) and flexibility so that these components are taken as the most important physical skills (Cooper, 1982, Olja & Tuxwort, 1995). Although there is no complete agreement, in the Unated States most authors believe that the components of physical fitness are: cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, mobility and Body Composition (Brick, L.G. 1996, Stojiljkovic, 2005). American Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPRED, 1989) agrees with these components and for their testing suggests the following tests: 1. Aerobic endurance- walking-jogging one mile (1609m), 2.The strength and endurance of muscles in the abdomen-raising in upper position (crunches), 3.The strength and endurance of muscles of the upper body-chin ups; 4.The mobility of the lower back and hips in a forward bend- sitting position; 5.Body Composition-skin folds. The difference between the definitions of the components of fitness by local authors in relation to American version is in body composition. Body composition cannot be treated as physical ability, but can be changed under the influence of exercise focused on the development of the mentioned abilities (strength development is usually accompanied by an increase in muscle mass, increase of aerobic endurance is often accompanied by a reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue). It can be an indirect indicator of the level of body fitness while on the other hand body composition can influence the physical ability and health (Guerra, Ribeiro, Costa, et al.2002; Mc Ardle et. all, 2006.)Physical inactivity and obesity in children and adolescents are considered as independent risk factors for the development of lifestyle related disorders like coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension in later life. …

Abstract . Investigation was conducted in order to determine the differences in coordination and endurance between girls selected for athletics and non-athletes. The sample of 36 subjects were divided into two subsample: girls selected for athletics (18) and non-athletes girls (18), who were not included in systematic athletics training, but they only attended physical education classes. The sample of measuring instruments for assessing coordination and endurance were consisted of: agility in the air (OKV), coordination with a baton (KOP), twenty steps twirling a baton (20IP), squats (CUC), push-ups (SKL) and the 800m run (TR800). Based on analysis of variance led to results, which showed that there were not differences in coordination between the girls selected for athletics and non-athletes, but in endurance there were statistical differences in squats (CUC) and 800m (TR800) running, girls selected for athletics had a better results.

The aim of this study was to identify differences between athletes in jumping disciplines of European Indoor Championships held from 6-8 March 2015 in Prague. The sample included 66 athletes (33 female and 33 male), who participated in the qualifiers and finals. The results achieved in qualification and final appearances have been analyzed in four official jumping events (long jump, triple jump, high jump, pole vault). Using the module's t-test the results were obtained that showed that 56% of male and female athletes in all disciplines achieved better final than the qualifying result, while 28% achieved a better result in qualifying than in the final. Also 14% of the athletes achieved the same result in both appearances (disciplines high jump, pole vault). Statistically significant differences for the level (p<0,05) between the qualifications and finals were recorded in the disciplines of long jump (women) and triple jump (men).

One of the most important health problems of today's society is hypokinesia accompanied by obesity. The assumption is that reduced physical activity has a large negative impact on the school population. The problem of reduced commitment and involvement of pupils in extracurricular activities is increasingly evident in recent times, which results in a number of negative health effects on the human body of an individual. This study comprised a group of older school children from first to fourth year of high school in Pale. The total sample consisted of 127 female pupils aged 15 to 18 years. As a way of gathering the required information we used an anonymous questionnaire of open type in order to collect information about student involvement in extracurricular sports activities. The survey was conducted in November 2012 and all the pupils voluntarily participated in the study. Based on the survey results have been obtained the necessary information to reflect the relative lack of physical activity, of the studied population. Of the total sample of female pupils, the survey confirmed that only about 22% are physically active pupils. The alarming are the results which showed that with the increasing age of pupils they are less physically active, and in the higher years is evident negative trend in physical activity (sports).

The study was conducted in order to determine the differences in coordination and endurance between girls selected for athletics and non-athletes. The sample of 36 participants was divided into two subsamples: girls selected for athletics (18) and girl non-athletes (18) who were not included in systematic athletics training, but only attended physical education classes. The sample of measuring instruments for assessing coordination and endurance consisted of: agility in the air (OKV), coordination with a baton (KOP), twenty steps twirling a baton (20IP), squats (ČUČ), push-ups (SKL) and the 800m run (TR800). An analysis of variance led to results which showed that there were no differences in coordination between the girls selected for athletics and the non-athletes, but in terms of endurance there were statistical differences in the squats (ČUČ) and the 800m (TR800) run, where the girls selected for athletics had better results.

Introduction: Knowledge leakage about potential Testosterone side effects on mental and physical condition is present in many young recreational bodybuilders in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 18 and 25 years of age, who have no motivation to compete and who suffer from the Muscle dysmorphia Adonis Complex. Risk factors such as aggression behaviour, acne vulgaris, gynecomastia, arterial hypertension and increasing lipid levels represent major side effects. Some risk factors such as arterial hypertension and increased lipid levels play important role in the pathogenicity of Testosterone when combined with Mass Supplements. These risk factors are responsible for the occurrence of permanent cardiovascular damage in young recreational bodybuilders. Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the side effects of abusing testosterone in young recreational bodybuilders who have no motivation to compete. This Study will try to estimate and analyse the influence of testosterone side effects on vascular status HDL/LDL (High-density lipoprotein/Low-density lipoprotein serum lipid) levels, aggression behaviour, presence of acne vulgaris, gynecomastia, and arterial hypertension in young recreational bodybuilders aged between 18 and 25 in Bosnia and Herzegovina after a 2 year research. Methods: The prospective study included 100 individuals included in the recreational exercising programme in the period between July 2014 and July 2016. 50 individuals abusing testosterone during the 2 year period were compared with 50 individuals who were not abusing testosterone. Non-invasive methods were used in all individuals (clinical examination and laboratory tests of lipid levels). The routine of anaerobic weight training units in the Gym for both groups was 1,5 – 3,5 hours, 4-6 times per week. Results: Final analysis has revealed that statistically dominant population of young testosterone drug abusers are males (100%) or 50 individuals. Analysis has revealed that the testosterone abuse group have increased levels of LDL lipid serum when compared with the other group and it is the most dominant side effect. HDL (High-density lipoprotein) levels under 1,03 mmol/L were more present in Testosterone abuser group in 45 individuals or (93,3%) and was statistically considered significant (p<0,05). Conclusions: Recreational male bodybuilders between 18 and 25 years of age are dominant testosterone abusers, trying to achieve better muscle proportion and physical performance neglecting the testosterone side effects. We could not prove health benefits from increased serum and for young recreational bodybuilders one of the serious health consequence of using testosterone during recreational exercising programme were the devastating LDL lipid levels which is also connected with the development of arterial hypertension and hyperlipidaemia progressing the pathogenicity of cardiovascular disease followed by devastating health disorders. The benefits of anaerobic weight training for those who abused testosterone in regards to their cardiovascular safety have not been confirmed.

Problem upotrebe zabranjenih supstanci (dopinga) u sportu je bio, jeste i bice aktuelan problem koji narusava sam duh sporta, ljepotu i zadovoljstvo, a vrlo cesto i zdravlje sportiste. Zbog toga je neophodno pristupiti rjesavanju ovoga problema, ako je moguce i trajno, mada je to nekada jednostavno neizvodljivo. U istraživanju je ucestvovalo ukupno 200 studenata Fakulteta fizickog vaspitanja i sporta, od cega 100 studenata Univerziteta u Istocnom Sarajevu (Bosna i Hercegovina) i 100 studenata AMU Aligarh PU (Indija), starosne dobi od 18-26 godina. Od ukupnog uzorka 170 (85%) su bili ispitanici muskog pola, dok je 30 (15%) ženskog pola. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio da se provjeri nivo znanja i utvrde stavovi studenata i utvrde njihove međusobne razlike o upotrebi zabranjenih supstanci u sportu. Za prikupljanje neophodnih informacija koriscen je anonimni anketni upitnik sa 13 jasno definisanih pitanja, (11 pitanja zatvorenog i 2 pitanja otvorenog tipa) koja su se odnosila na određena znanja, stavove o dopingu u sportu. Dobijeni su relevantni rezultati koji su globalni pokazatelj informisanosti, znanja i stavova populacije studenata fizickog vaspitanja i sporta o sve vecem problemu danasnjeg modernog sporta koga nazivamo doping. Od ukupnog uzorka, cak 85% studenata oba subuzorka su oznacili atletiku kao sport sa najvise doping afera, a zatim slijedi biciklizam (43%), bodi bilding i dizanje tegova (22%), dok su sportske igre sa (28%), Cricket (25%), Streljastvo i Sah sa (19%), kao sportovi sa najmanjim brojem doping afera.

Uprkos znacajnim teorijskim izvorima koji se odnose na lose držanje kod djece i adolescenata, a koje je izazvala promjena nacina života, saznanja o problemu abnormalne kicmene krivine treba da budu dopunjena. Može se uvidjeti sve veci broj gojazne djece i ovaj problem težine može dovesti do vece ucestalosti loseg držanja tijela. Ovaj rad ima za cilj da utvrdi ucestalost dobrog i loseg držanja tijela kod djevojcica u odnosu na njihove tjelesne težine, kao i da otkrije da li prekomjerna težina (gojaznost) daju predispoziciju za lose držanje. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 500 djevojcica uzrasta 7-15 godina, koje žive u Szczecinu u Poljskoj. U procjeni držanja tjela, koriscena je sferosomatometrijska metoda Ivanovskog. Djevojcice sa normalnom tjelesnom težinom su predstavljale 77,7% ispitanika. U 6,7% slucajeva, identifikovana je nedovoljna tjelesna težina. 11,3% su imale  visak kilograma , dok je 4,3% djevojcica bilo gojazno - sto iznosi 15,6 % ispitanica. Nepravilno držanje tijela je identifikovano u 32,4% ispitanica. Najveci broj djevojcica sa losim držanjem tijela pronađeno je među 9-godisnjakinjama (38,6%), 13-godisnjakinjama (35.2 %) i 15-godisnjakinjama (35,1%). Prekomjerna težina i gojaznost je bila predispozicija kod ispitanica za pojavu nepravilnog držanja kicme: abnormalna kicmena krivina je pronađena u 30,8% gojaznih djevojcica i djevojcica sa prekomjernom težinom.

Despite signifi cant theoretical resources re- lated to bad posture in children and adolescents, the problem of abnormal spinal curvature needs to be sup- plemented, which is caused by a changing lifestyle. One can observe an increasing number of overweight/ obese children and this weight problem may result in a greater incidence of bad posture. This paper aims to determine the incidence of good and bad posture in girls in relation to their body weight, as well as to reveal whether excess weight/obesity predispose them to bad posture. The research involved 500 girls aged 7-15, living in Szczecin, Poland. In the assessment of body posture, Iwanowski's spherosomatometric meth- od was employed. Girls with correct body weight con- stituted 77.7% of the subjects. In 6.7% cases, an in- suffi cient body weight was identifi ed. 11.3% suffered from excess weight while 4.3% of girls were obese - which totals 15.6% of the subjects. Incorrect body posture was identifi ed in 32.4% of the subjects. The highest proportion of girls with bad posture was found among 9-year-olds (38.6%), 13-year-olds (35.2%), and 15-year-olds (35.1%). Overweight and obesity did predispose the subjects to bad posture: abnormal spine curvature was found in 30.8% of overweight/ obese girls.

Anaerobic abilities participate in most activities that are characterized by high intensity and short duration of activity. This type of endurance is the dominant activity in submaximal and maximal intensity. Conditioned by the good functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, morphological status, metabolism, muscle structure, etc. The research has conducted with the aim of evaluating anaerobic abilities of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport of East Sarajevo and Nikšić applying Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The sample included a total of 40 male students, including 20 students from Eastern Sarajevo (age 21±0,5 years, average weight 76,69 ± 6,61kg) and (20 students from Nikšić (age 21±0,5 years, the average weight 79,40±9,66kg). The results showed almost identical values of anaerobic capacity of students who are expected for this population with little benefits students of East Sarajevo. The average strength of the lower extremities student East Sarajevo amounted to 594,79 W, compared to the students of the Nikšić 579,15 W, which is a slight difference that is not statistically significant. A slightly higher average index of fatigue was recorded with students of Nikšić from (FI=8,20) suggesting a weaker state of anaerobic capacity in relation to the pattern of East Sarajevo, or lower tolerance to lactate.