The research was carried out on a sample of 26 elite Serbian track and field athletes (age 20.3±4,45yrs; height 181±7,81cm; weight 73,7±14,15kg, BMI 22,4±3,21kg/cm²), 13 swimmers (age 17±2,47yrs; height 178,3±8,24cm; weight 68,7±11,03kg; BMI 21,5±1,98kg/m²) and 30 students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Nis (age 20,3±0,13yrs; height 180,1±1,56cm; weight 75,5±2,17kg; BMI 23,2±0,44kg/m²), all males, attending their first year at university (30), with the aim of determining their somatotype and body composition. The obtained results have confirmed that in the case of the athletes, we found several somatotypes: the balanced mesomorphic and endo-mesomorphic (30,8%), a central somatotype and ecto-mesomorphic somatotype (11,5%) and to a significantly smaller percentage, meso-endomorphic and meso-ectomorphic components (7,7%). In the case of the swimmers, three types of somatotypes were found: the balanced mesomorphic (46,15%), ecto-mesomorphic (30,77%) and meso-ectomorphic (23,08%) which defined a homogenous group. The students were defined by all forms of somatotypes, except the endo-ectomorphic (meso-endomorphic (33,33%), endo-mesomorphic (23,33%), while the other types were found in a much smaller percentage, which determined the heterogeneity of the group. The analysis of the body composition has indicated that all three components are greater among the students compared to the track and field athletes and swimmers, that is, that the students weigh more than the athletes, and the athletes weigh more than the swimmers. In the case of the track and field athletes, all three components are significantly greater among the throwers compared to the runners and jumpers, whose values are smallest. In the case of the swimmers, it was determined that BF% and FBM are greater for the butterfly style, while the NFBM is smaller compared to the other swimming styles. The multivariate analysis between the groups of athletes (track and field and swimmers) and the control group (students) for the variables BF%, FBM, NFBM, did not show any statistically significant differences, although the significance of the difference was right on the borderline value (p=0.058). At the univariate level, a statistically significant difference was noted between the group of athletes (track and field and swimmers) and the control group (students) for the variables BF%, FBM, NFBM. A statistically significant greater difference (p<0,05) was noted for BF% and FBM in favor of the students, while for the NFBM there is no statistically significant difference, which indicates that greater weight is a consequence of the greater amount of fat tissue.

Kinematic parameters often crucially influence the performance in athletic disciplines. This is especially evident for top athletes who have almost identical morphological, motor and functional parameters. The differences that affect the sporting result are generally attributed to a better performance technique that is often the consequence of the different values of the individual's kinematic parameters. This study analyzes the differences between the defined kinematic parameters in the discipline high jump. The sample included 6 men and women athletes who competed in the finals of the World Championships (Daegu, 2011) and a total of 11 kinematic parameters were selected. The results were obtained by applying the T-test module for small independent samples, confirming the differences between men and women's finalists in Daegu, 2011. Statistically significant differences were recorded only in four (4) out of eleven (11) kinematic parameters (36%). Significant differences were recorded in the following parameters where the motor abilities (speed and explosive power) were manifested: maximum body center height (T=6.870; p<0.05), maximum horizontal velocity of the body center (T=3.134; p<0.05), the horizontal velocity of the center of gravity of the body (T=3.087; p<0.05) and the vertical velocity of the center of gravity of the body (T= 15.844; p<0.05).

Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work capacity, which itself is an important prerequisite for the health and life of every man. A very common way of assessing the state of aerobic fitness of a particular population are diagnostic tests on the basis of which we receive the necessary information when it comes to general physical condition of a defined population. This diagnostic evaluation is usually performed in the laboratory (direct methods), however, available and reliable data are about high reliability in the performance of some field tests (indirect methods). Depending on the field conditions, very often these measurements are performed using estimates of general ability (test UKK 2km). To perform this test data about body height, body weight, BMI, the values of the pulse rate and walking time during the test must be contained in it. Based on testing using the UKK 2km are obtained Fitness Index values (FINDEX) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO²max) of 35 male students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo (BIH) in order to determine and define the physical condition of respondents. The results showed that the fitness index (103.22) in the upper zone average (103.22) and VO²max = 49.12 reflects good shape, but still the results indicate toward decreasing trend in students' aerobic fitness, and  have fitness index values below the standard norms of the Swedish population. The general trend of decreasing aerobic fitness of the population can be seen in the sport and physical education students, as a consequence of lifestyle in which there is not enough adequate physical activity. Article visualizations:

Motor abilities as the anthropological status segment of a human participate in the implementation of various movement structures, and are an indispensable part of human latent and manifested space. Depending on the type of movement structures depends on their mode of manifestation. Most of them are more or less correlated with other segments of the anthropological area. The most common connection is related to the morphology and dimensions of the individual parameters of the morphological status, for example, Lorentz constitution index, body mass index (BMI), and so on. The current research was conducted on a sample of 40 male students, aged 16 ± 0.5 years from Busovaca (BIH) in order to determine possible differences between individuals with different values of BMI. According to the objective of the research was selected the intentional sample of subjects: 20 normal weight students (BMI=20.79±1,79kg/m²) and 20 students with excessive nutritional status (BMI=26.55±0,88kg/m²). For the evaluation of motor abilities were defined tests for the assessment of the balance (flamingo-MFLA), flexibility (reaching in sitting-MFLE). To determine the difference between respondents was applied the module T-test for small independent samples. The results obtained confirm statistically significant differences between normal and over-fed students in the realization of defined motor abilities required a level of significance (p <0.001). Article visualizations:

The aim of this study was to examine connection between the motor ability strength and the achievement of results in sprinting in order to define strength tests to perform selection in physical education classes, at the age of early puberty. The sample consisted of 88 female subjects aged 12 years (± 6 months). The batery of four tests was used for evaluation of the motor ability strength, prescribed in the curriculum for the subject Physical Education of the Pedagogical Association of Vojvodina: variables of explosive strength standing broad jump (cm), throwing medicine ball from lying position (m), variable of repetitive strength sit-ups (number of successful attempts) and variable of isometric strength bent arm hang (s). For evaluation of the motor ability speed, the standardized test was applied, which represented the criterion variable the result obtained in 60 m run (s). The relationship between the system of predictor variables and the criterion variable is calculated by linear regression analysis, and the results showed that, on the basis of the results of the predictor variables system, the level of sprinting speed can be statistically significantly predicted. By observing the individual variables, it can be seen that the variables standing broad jump (p=0.00) and sit-ups (p=0.00) achieve statistically significant prediction of 60 m run speed. By analyzing the results of regression analysis, it can be assumed that the result of the 60 m run in selected subjects can be predicted based on manifestation of explosive leg strength and repetitive strength of torso.

The aim of the study was to determine and verify the effectiveness of various teaching approaches on changes in the level of volleyball performance in the process of teaching volleyball to pupils in primary schools. In the experimental group was used the tactical approach and in the control group the techniques (traditional) approach in teaching of volleyball. The experimental group consisted of 26 pupils and the control group consisted same number of pupils. Both groups, representing 13 to 14 year old schoolgirls in primary school. Efficiency of the teaching approaches was evaluated based of game performance. Game performance was evaluated by the method of game performance assessment based on GPAI (Game Performance Assessment Instrument) through video record. To perform statistical evaluation Mann-Whitney U-test was used. When we evaluate the tactical component of game performance “position”, we found out that the difference between groups is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). By comparison “decision-making” it was discovered that the difference, between achieved performances in groups it is statistically significant (p < 0.05) in favour of the experimental group. By comparison skills execution we found out, that the difference between both groups in “serving” is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). But by comparison of passing, setting, offensive hit and team’s game performance” we found out statistically significant (p < 0.05) the difference between both groups in favour of the experimental group. The acquired data pointed to the fact that in generally the tactical teaching approach appears to be a more efficient method for acquiring game skills and tactical components of the game.

Motor abilities are undoubtedly very complex area and they participate in the organization of all types of movements, and in their base lies efficiency of organ systems, particularly neuromuscular, which is responsible for the intensity, the duration and the regulation of movement. It is often associated as a major factor of influence in the implementation of the results of athletic disciplines at the highest level. However, their impact on the realization of athletic disciplines is not negligible at school age. Exactly, being led by the assumption of the connectivity of motor abilities on the results for athletic disciplines of students was conducted this research. The study included the population of 65 male students, aged 14-15 years old from Mali Zvornik. The main objective was, by the application of canonical correlation analysis, to determine the size of the connectivity of the defined motor abilities (explosive strength, repetitive strength, speed, and flexibility) to success in athletic disciplines of three-team competition (60m running, long jump with a running start, shot put). The obtained results showed that the motor abilities generated a statistically significant connectivity in the result performance of all three athletic disciplines at the high significance level (p<0.001; p<0.005), which justified the statements and results of previous studies which analyzed the similar issues.

The research was conducted on the sample of 90 male and female subjects with chronic lumbar syndrome, aged between 20 and 50, of which 45 men and 45 women who were divided in three groups, 30 subjects per each group, formed on the basis of exercises done by the subjects during and upon the rehabilitation (III groups). The longitudinal and time bound research was executed (8 months). The research was conducted in the Department V “Banja Slatina”, in the Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation “Dr Miroslav Zotovic” in Banja Luka, including three Fitness centres in Banja Luka. The goal of the research was to compare results of testing of subjects who continued to engage in sport recreation after termination of a rehabilitation process in the Institution for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - IPMR “Dr Miroslav Zotovic” in Banja Luka (by means of usual physical procedures) and the results of those subjects who did not continue kinesitherapy, nor sport-recreational activities. For the statistical analysis in the SPSS program ANOVA was used, especially Post Hoc Test – Tukey HSD. The results showed that during the eight-month research there was a statistically significant improvement of the observed parameters (Schober index), but with the application of programmed physiotherapy with recreation (gr. II) the best results were achieved, as well as more stable remission, which could be explained by biological effects of the programmed physiotherapy together with sport recreation. Article visualizations:

Athletic Decathlon (all-around) is physically demanding athletic competition that is scored according to a special IAAF tables. and the winner is the competitor who wins the most points. However. some authors give different views on the contribution of individual disciplines total pointing result. or grouping similar disciplines. favoring those disciplines that are based on more motor potentials athletes creating homogeneous groups (clusters). This study analyzed ten world record holder in all-around athlete of the 1984th to 2016th Its aim is to determine the number of clusters. or the level of homogeneity between disciplines. Data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis which confirmed the existence of nine clusters integrated into three major groups. In the first group defined with four clusters were distinguished discipline (100m-110m-400m-Pole Vault-LJ) that the representatives of the movement of sprint and high jump type (anaerobic capabilities). The second group of four clusters also have defined mainly all three throwing disciplines as primary (SP, DT, JT) and one rebounds as secondary (HJ) that defines the strong discipline of speed and explosive character. The third group is defined by discipline 1500m as the farthest point in the athletic decathlon. This is a confirmation that this is a typical aerobic ability. under the auspices of functional mechanisms. This score is confirmed some previous research on the number of clusters and partial homogeneity between disciplines that are under the umbrella of the same energy potential and possible benefits of sprint and jumping with respect to throwing disciplines.

The aim of the study was to estimate the increasing capability of claudications distance in Fontaine's stage IIa of peripheral artery disease by influence of irregular acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy and life style modification, combined with regular physical activity in diabetic and non-diabetic patients age over 55, in order to establish if there were any improvements in claudication distance in the both groups of patients. Method: This study was conducted from beginning of January, 2014 till end of January, 2015 at the Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo and included 60 patients age over 55 (30 patients who have diabetes mellitus and impellers group consisting of 30 patients who were clinically confirmed not to have diabetes mellitus), male and female, in stadium IIa of peripheral artery disease, with manifestation of mild claudication symptoms. For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the exanimated groups non-parameter and parameter tests were used. The difference at a level of p<0,05 was statistically significant. Results: In all the tested patients, we investigated increasing of claudications distance in diabetic and non-diabetic patients age over 55 years after one year study. Analysis shows the statistically significant influence of antiplatelet therapy (Acetylsalicylic acid) (ASA), combined with physical activity and life style modification on claudications distance over 500 meters in 25 patients without diabetes mellitus in (83% p<0,05), compared to 12 patents with diabetes mellitus (40% p<0,05). Sixteen of non-diabetic patients (53%) were on antiplatelet therapy over 4 years, on permanent treatment, compared to 4 diabetic patients or (3%) (p<0,05). Conclusion: These clinical combined factors appeared to us as being the main strategy of the therapeutic effect on enhancement of claudication distance (Fontaine's stage II) of peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as patients without it. Article visualizations:

Good knowledge of functions and specific features of a muscular system enables working with athletes in a facilitated, more professional, more quality and safer manner as well as solving issues regarding qualitative use during the training process. Knowledge of the features, legality of skeletal muscles and their functions enables setting grounds for different hypotheses when the issue is athletic sports, and top performances for which we find answers. Accordingly, knowledge of the mentioned muscular features and marks is crucial for every subject whose work is related to sports. Only with a proper knowledge of the legality of the active part of locomotor system, it is possible to implement modern cybernetic models and transformational training processes not only within athletics, but other sports branches as well. This paper analyzes certain physiological legalities, mechanisms and energy processes of muscular contraction. Article visualizations:

All-around competition is the only competition in which it does not matter whether the athlete is the first, the second or the last in a discipline. What matters is the total number of points, and a rounder competes against his/her personal capabilities and standards. Athletic all-around competitions are a series of consecutive athletic competitions divided in two days. Success is calculated by the sum score of all disciplines that are pointed due to the international athletic tables. The research included ten (10) is currently the world's best decathlete of all time until 2016. Aim of research was to carry out a factor analysis of the athletic decathlon world record holder in order to define factors (latent dimensions) that would determine the type of decathlon, or the so participation technical or motor discipline overall. Applying factor analysis in a defined area is extracted with a total of three factors explained about 75% of the common variance of. The first factor has exhausted 35.24% (pole vault, high jump, discus throw, 400m) and a set of common variance is defined as a type of jumper-thrower-runner. The second factor has exhausted 22.21% (100m; 110m hurdle) analyzed set and is defined as runners (sprinters) type athletes. The third factor has exhausted about 17% (long jump, 1500m) and is defined by a type of jumper-runner.

Motor abilities are undoubtedly very complex area and they participate in the organization of all types of movements, and in their base lies efficiency of organ systems, particularly neuromuscular, which is responsible for the intensity, the duration and the regulation of movement. It is often associated as a major factor of influence in the implementation of the results of athletic disciplines at the highest level. However, their impact on the realization of athletic disciplines is not negligible at school age. Exactly, being led by the assumption of the impact of motor abilities on the results for athletic disciplines of students was conducted this research. The study included the population of 65 male students, aged 14-15 years old from Mali Zvornik. The main objective was, by the application of regression analysis, to determine the size of the impact of the defined motor abilities (explosive strength, repetitive strength, speed, and flexibility) to success in athletic disciplines of three-team competition (60m running, long jump with a running start, shot put). The obtained results showed that the motor abilities generated a statistically significant effect in the result performance of all three athletic disciplines at the high significance level (p<0.001; p<0.005), which justified the statements and results of previous studies which analyzed the similar issues. The greatest impact of motor abilities is exerted on the results of running (Ro=0.93), followed by shot put (Ro=0.89), and the weakest in the long jump from the run-up (Ro=0.82).