The purpose of the study was to evaluate and identifying the level of excess weight and obesity in older students between 15 and 18 years, as important benchmarks of the level of health in order to update the recommendations regarding the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 400 subjects, (186 boys and 214 girls), aged 15 to 18. Anthropometric data including: body height, body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI). Participants' BMI was estimated using the Percentile BMI calculator for children and teenagers aged 2 to 19. Study adolescents were defined as underweight, normal (healthy) weight, overweight, and obese according to the CDC child growth characteristics for age, sex, and BMI. 350 (85.5%) subjects were healthy weight; 26 respondents (6.5%) were overweight, 17 (4.25%), were obese, while 7 (1.75%) underweight. The analysis of the individual results of male and female subjects points to increased values of the body mass of males (18.81%), compared to female pupils (3%). Out of a total of 186 male students, 10.75% were in the overweight category, and 8.06% were categorized as obese, in constrast 2.80% of the girls were overweight and (1%<), in the obese category, which is an outstanding result, where obesity practically does not exist. According to the results of this study (for both sexes), in relation to gender, there were more malnourished girls (2.33%), compared to boys (1%<). Among high school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the number of children with overweight and obesity is relatively low compared to data from other countries. Based on the relevant results of this study, we consider it necessary to update strategies for promoting an active and healthy lifestyle regarding physical activity and eating habits for adolescents in relation to the specifics of the countries of residence and European trends. Keywords: BMI; students; overweight; obesity; weight status category; high school.

Background: Most human movements are supported by its functional capabilities of the anaerobic type, which is dominated by submaximal and maximal sports activities performed in a short time. Functional capabilities of the anaerobic type of man participate in most of his movement activities. Conditioned on adequate and extremely good interaction and functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, morphological status, metabolic processes, muscle structure, nutritional status, physical activity, etc. Purpose: The research was conducted in the conditions of the so-called field testing with the primary goal of assessing the acute state of anaerobic abilities of physical and sports students, by calculating the fatigue index (FI). Methods: The sample included 80 students of Physical and Sports Education, different geographical regions, average weight 77.88±8.49kg, age 20-23 years. The Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was used to assess FI, and the basic statistical parameters were calculated. Results: The average value of the student's leg power is 573.89 watts (378.42 watts vs. 817.99watts), and the recorded average (FI) of 8.35 watts/sec (3.97watts/sec. vs. 16.93watts/sec.). Conclusions: The obtained results confirmed the average values of anaerobic capacity which are suitable for the examined population of subjects, while the maximal the value of FI suggests a weaker state of the anaerobic capacity of the individuals (less tolerance to lactates).

Introduction: We are increasingly witnessing the self-initiated, uncontrolled stacking of incompatible anabolic substances in various cycles in the young Balkan Recreational Bodybuilding population group, increasingly frequent acts of violence in our country and the emergence of a neglected and very silent epidemic that is taking on an increasingly aggressive course of illness and psychological behavior. Black market anabolic steroids are associated with many generally health problems and uncontrolled aggression behavior by abusers. Young unsolicited recreate bodybuilding are also associated with generalized atherosclerosis and potential increased high risk for heart disease that can structural and functional damage the cardiovascular system during muscle mass steroid cycles. Besides high calorie intake, elevating serum blood lipid cholesterol levels LDL lowering HDL levels, elevating, systolic and diastolic blood pressure take a certain participation in cardiovascular risk and therefor need a development of certain cardiovascular protection strategies for this avoiding medical supervision anabolic steroids abuser group which are not yet appropriate established. The aim of the short study was to estimate Cardiovascular Protective Strategy Measures on lipid levels, and blood pressure status in a young recreational bodybuilder with different ethnic groups who Abuse Anabolic Steroids during controversial and different mass Cycles with and without taking Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) and Statins. Subjects and methods: This study was conducted from beginning of January, 2022 till end of July, 2022. 140 subjects are included age 17-30 (74 male Recreational Bodybuilder Who Abuse Anabolic Steroids on Simvastatin’s 10mg and Acetylsalicylic Acid 150mg doses of (ASA) and 10 grams of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during mass Steroid Cycles and 66 impellers group of male Recreational Bodybuilder Who Abuse Anabolic Steroids consisting without consume Statins and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) during mass Steroid Cycles). For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the exanimated groups non-parameter and parameter tests were used. The difference at a level of p< (0,001) was statistically significant. Results: In all the tested subjects we investigated increasing lipid levels and blood pressure after six months of study. Analysis shows the statistically insignificant influence of antiplatelet therapy (150mg Acetylsalicylic acid) (ASA), combined with Simvastatin 10mg p<(0,001) in steroid abuse subjects during irrational muscle mass steroid cycles. Conclusion: Lack of familiarity with combinations of anabolic substances, as well as the danger of oral applications of very harmful steroids from the former Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic (GDR), this study showed. Avoidance of physician supervision by recreate bodybuilders by deceiving of the athletic subjectivity look, seams appears almost always in gym. This cardiovascular protective measures have poor benefit appeared to be usefully blind preventing strategy of controlling blood lipid levels during muscle mass steroid cycles, with no guaranty of worsen cardiovascular condition by abusing anabolic steroids. The influence of the reflection of the COVID 19 virus on such dramatic therapeutic results in this population group of two groups cannot be ruled out for sure.

Introduction: Adequate individual physical activity after COVID 19 infection as a inevitable part of postoperative therapy of surgically treated vascular and endovascular patients witch still remains a scientific unexplored international neglected secret. General post-covid symptomatology is increasingly present in patients with surgical or endovascular procedures on the iliac segment in the form of a manifestation of various complaints that can affect the very accessibility of the choice of treatment according to the TASC II guidelines, but also affect physical activity and quality of life. Besides the medicament treatment, the management of moderate intensity exercise therapy and future consistency of self-controlled exercise after surgical and endovascular after treatment in iliac critic stenosis with other asymptomatic systemic atherosclerosis can be important factor to support and improve benefits of surgical and endovascular treatment outcome in variable symptomatology of POSTCOVID 19 patients treated classical surgical and endovascular. Goals: The focus is on priority of investigation of remodeling the pattern of cultural smoking behavior and increasing the dynamic of physical activity trying to prevent and avoid potential risk of sudden death, myocardial infarction, stroke graft (stent) occlusion, and cardiovascular mortality in patients with POSTCOVID 19 symptomatology in which is besides other asymptomatic systemic atherosclerosis is the main disease critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B). Scientifically unproven that sometimes can be associated with poor outcome of surgical intervention the which are in deficit with scientific studies to confirm these scientific observations. Second goals are to investigate the potential possibility of POST COVID 19 symptomatology associated with the success of classic surgical bypass or endovascular intervention and the possibility of reflection on physical activity after vascular intervention. Also the improving and secure the quality of life after successful surgical bypass and endovascular revascularization treatment with influence on primary iliac (TASC II A and B) vascular intervention potency one of main goals as well suppress permanent or permanent consequences of the Covid 19 virus during therapeutic surgical or endovascular procedures of the iliac segment (TASC II A and B) Traditional food as well wrong choice of diet and continuous fight with nicotinism is still remains generally main health threat. Subjects and Methods: 266 Symptomatic post COVID 19 Patients with were observed during 3 years (134 patients with surgical dacron reconstruction and 132 with endovascular treatmant of short segment critical iliac artery stenosis) Moderate interval Intensity Training with Short Interval Repetitions on standard treadmill procedure. Results: The connection of the outcome of surgical and endovascular treatment with post and long covid 19 symptomatology is possible and has a significant impact on the quality of the continuation of physical medication therapy. Difference between the surgical and endovascular groups was observed after the implementation of the treatment as well as factors affecting the outcome of therapy. the outcome is devastating with the prevention of the risk factor of nicotism as well as with the lack of physical activity in some groups. Conclusion: Primary potency after Three years of Endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass Revascularization, has shown as successful with support of supervised exercise training in POSTCOVID 19 patients. Nicotiism still remains highly potency outcome threat when supporting exercise therapy. Also, future and recent studies on this topic should expand their understanding of the effect of the COVID 19 virus on the body in this patients, as well as improving the quality of life in order to improve the patency of bypass or endovascular intervention on the arterial iliac segment.

Introduction: Doping which includes veterinary drugs as irrational human medicine after the infection with COVID 19 still leaves the field open from the aspect of vascular surgery and angiology of the iliac segment. Reflection of the effect of the COVID 19 virus on the sports performance of athletes in various sports after the corona virus is still present. Some athletes have had a hard time individually coping with the clinical consequences after a long illness of the COVID 19 virus. Even though covert doping is part of the everyday life of an elite athlete, it still remains an unresolved topic in the form of a solution for post-COVID 19 symptoms or switching to or taking some other masked substances that are impossible to detect in the blood, as well as a potential reflection on the morphological changes of the arteries. Although consequences of the corona virus for the cardiorespiratory system have been reported, a question arises as to the connection between the development of iliac syndrome and pathomorphological arterial iliac changes in athletes with suspicion of potential correlation with underground doping substances of pharmacologically untested origin in the Balkan population. Widespread global COVID 19 pandemic and the isolation factor have forced numerous athletes to switch their normal training routine and protocols to alternatives such as cycling with or without abusing illegal substance. Increased intima-media thickness, the first structural change detected in atherosclerosis, is an important surrogate marker in atherosclerosis can be connected with high intensity endurance cyclists, running and triathlon competitive athletes affecting their poor performance status and professional doping levels. In some cases, amateur and recreational athletes are also affected especially if they were exposed to COVID 19 infection and doping. Goals: The primary focus of the present study is to determine the initial progression of the disease during and after the COVID 19 pandemic, starting from morphological changes and obstructive arteriopathy of the external iliac artery on account of measuring intima media thickness and the possibility of outset of kinking and obstructive arterial disease of the external iliac artery after 3 years. The secondary focus of the study is to examine the influence of doping on the pathomorphological changes of the external iliac artery during 3 years of research. Subjects and Methods: two groups of were observed (recreational and amateur cyclist). In total 63 selected subjects in the demographic area of ​​former Yugoslavia without cardiovascular disease were observed during the January 2021 and January 2024 period (3 years). Results: Changes in intima-media thickness of iliac artery from baseline 3 years were observed between the standard exercise amateur group and recreational control group. However, intensity exercise under 9000km per year were no significant developing progression of intima-media thickness of iliac artery during 3 years in recreational control group, but minimal progression of intima-media thickness of iliac artery were significant in amateur cycling group due to the potential effect of doping. Conclusion: The application of doping itself is indisputable, but the missing link that would confirm this claim is scientifically limited. We cannot confirm with certainty what is the trigger for the progression of pathomorphological changes and whether the consequences of overcoming the COVID 19 infection or doping. But there are many scientific facts and studies that confirm the connection between progressive atherosclerosis and illegal underground doping substances of pharmacologically untested origin. The consequences may result with a tendency for a futuristic vascular invasive patch or bypass surgical treatment.

Hand grip strength (HGS) serves as a multifaceted and critical parameter within the domain of motor function and is widely recognized as a pivotal aspect in the comprehensive evaluation of the development of school-aged children. The aim of the research was to determine the values of HGS, the trend of changes and differences between boys and girls aged 11-14 years from Bosnia and Herzegovina. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 585 students. The subsample was divided into 307 boys (11y = 81; 12y = 87; 13y = 77; 14y = 62) and 278 girls (11y = 66; 12y = 83; 13 y =79; 14y = 50). Hand muscle strength was measured using the method of isometric dynamometry in laboratory conditions, with a standardized test - Hand grip (according to the American Society of Hand Therapists). The force achieved during the maximum hand grip (dynamometry) was measured with a digital hand dynamometer CAMRY-EH101, USA. Statistically significant differences between male and female respondents were confirmed (for age 12, T = -2.651, p<0.009; for age 13, T =-5.178; p<0.000; for age 14, T =-7.124; p<0.000). In both sexes, the dominance of the strength of the right (dominant) hand than left (non-dominant) hand is evident. The study confirmed a positive trend of strength development in both sexes, as well as gender differences in the HGS test between children aged 12 to 14 years.

Abstract:  In informal circles there can still be found division of sport according to criterion of sex, therefore we have so called "male" and "female" sports. Reasons for this division can be found in different places but it seems that gender (in) equality, which was particularly pronounced in the past, is the foundation of this understanding of sports. Tradition observes sport as "male" activity in which certain anthropological dimensions, such as body constitution or muscle strength determine success, dominantly, where participation of women in such activities becomes pointless, unnecessary and irrelevant, because they have "weaker body constitution". This approach and understanding of sport lead to the opinion that historically speaking, women in all aspect of social development didn't have equal rights in doing physical activities and sport, in general, although their needs for movement were and still are on the same level as men's. The goal was to use a descriptive method to analyze and define certain gender differences in the area of anthropological dimensions (morphology, cardiovascular system, functional abilities, body composition, somatic changes during life, ...) on the basis of which certain recommendations were given for physical activity and the training process of women. Playing sports and physical exercise are important for women's health, physical fitness and physical appearance and improve their quality of life. It can be concluded that physical activity has an extremely good and positive effect on the psychophysical state of the female organism and numerous health benefits compared to women who lead a sedentary lifestyle.

Background and Study Aim. Tabata training is getting more and more popular these days. Based on interval training offers metabolic booster that causes major benefits for reducing body fat storage.  It is an interval training protocol which is a cardio workout for fat loss. The aim: this study was to examine the effects of a specific 16-week Tabata intervention program on body fat reduction in inactive healthy women. Material and Methods. A non-randomized controlled trial with 2x2 statistical design was provide in this study. The research was conducted on a sample of 49 women (aged 30 to 45) employed in the administrative sector, with more than 6h of sedentary tasks in their habitual working day. It included one experimental group–EG (Tabata program, n=24) and one control group–CG (without physical activities, n=25) and two moments of evaluation: (Initial) at baseline and (Final) after 16 weeks of post intervention period. The body composition parameters and body circumference in each group was recorded. All body composition parameters were measured using a Body composition analyser (Tanita BC-418MA III). Results. The results revealed that there was statistical significance difference after Tabata training program (TTP) in EG for body composition parameters (Mean±SD) for Body mass index (kg/m²) = 22.11±2.59kg/m²; p=0.04, ES=0.07); Fat tissue (%) =25.97±4.72; p=0.03, ES=0.08) and Fat tissue (kg) =17.52±5.11; p=0.02, ES=0.10). Furthermore, there were statistical significance difference in upper-arm circumference (24.95±2.31, p=0.00, ES=0.16) and waist circumference (75.93±7.18, p=0.02, ES=0.10). The control group did not achieve significant differences in the final measurement. Conclusions. Tabata training exercise program (4 months) has been shown to be beneficial for reducing body fat in healthy inactive women

Background and study aim. Group fitness programs are a form of programmed physical exercises with the aim of improving health, aesthetic appearance, satisfying the motivation to preserve health and reduce body weight. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an experimental cardio fitness program on the morphological status of female subjects aged 21.5 ± 3.5 years. Material and methods. The experimental program was implemented over a period of three months (12 weeks), with a weekly frequency (3 x 20-60 min). Initial and final measurements were performed and Body weight, Body fat percentage, Body fat mass, Free fat mass, Body muscle mass, Body mass index and Basal metabolism rate were analyzed. All test subjects have their doctor's confirmation that they are healthy and can undergo training loads in a planned and clearly defined cardio program. Results. The exercise program on cardio equipment caused changes in all body composition parameters between the initial and final measurements t-test (except for muscle mass). The total average Body weight at the initial-final measurement (66.45 vs. 64.70kg; t= 5.225, p<0.000), which represents a difference of -1.75kg after the program. Conclusions. The assumption is that a controlled and monitored program with a special focus on nutrition would lead to even more precise results on the effects on body composition. Continuous application of the content of this program throughout the entire one-year macrocycle with a higher weekly frequency would certainly give even more significant results.

Serum levels of testosterone (ST) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are generally associated with atherosclerosis in male patients over 50 years with critic iliac stenosis (TASC II A and B) and cardiovascular disease with significant changes in HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In addition to the standard therapy, combined medicamentous therapy and adequate model of exercise are also important factors as medicines can improve HDL levels and primary bypass and endovascular potency impacting positively on improvement of ST or it can be the following testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) comprising cardiovascular disease prevention and vascular treatment as adjunct therapy options after endovascular and vascular surgical procedures. The aim of the study is to identify the association between HDL and ST after surgical and endovascular intervention on the iliac segment (TASCII A and B), as well as cardiovascular risk factors with modified medium activity (MET) <6 with short interval increase over >6 (MET), with total duration of 30–60 minutes. It also attempts to remodel a patient behavioral pattern, optimize ST levels and link them to outcomes and patency of vascular procedures on the iliac segment. Materials and methods. 108 selected male patients with cardiovascular disease combined with metabolic syndrome and critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B) were examined during 2014–2018, 4 years after invasive and minimal invasive treatment (54 patients were treated with surgical Dacron reconstruction and 54 patients – with endovascular treatment on short segment of critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B). Results. In the total population, no difference was observed in changes of constraint-induced movement therapy between the standard exercise group and the control one after 4 years from baseline. However, there was no significant interaction between the effect of exercise trainings and primary bypass potency within 4 years. Conclusions. Primary effects of endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass revascularization raise the risk of elevated testosterone levels after 4 years of group training but does not provide adequate answers to questions as to whether higher levels of ST have any major influence on primary bypass potency preventing further progression of cardiovascular disease and general symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerosis. However, exercise and TRT can be potential adjunctive therapeutic options for a future supporting postsurgical and endovascular illiac treatment in cardiovascular patients with low testosterone levels.

Purpose. To select recommendations on the use of physical culture means for students of future teachers, it is necessary to identify their functional features and genetically determined properties of the nervous system. Purpose: to reveal the relationship between the performance of the nervous system, orthostatic test and professional specialization of students of pedagogical universities. Material and methods. Students from 9 different faculties of Ukraine's leading pedagogical institute took part in the study. The total number of subjects was 841 people. Soon the reactions were determined by the program "Psychodiagnostics". Orthostatic reactions were determined by the results of heart rate in the supine position and in the standing position. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Duncan's method to determine the influence of teaching faculty on test performance. A correlation analysis of testing indicators and ranks of faculties was carried out using the Tau-b Kendall method. Results. Students of all experimental faculties were divided into 4 groups according to the number of errors in the choice reaction test based on the results of variance analysis (Duncan method). Faculties were divided into ranks from the first to the fourth. A significant negative correlation of the rank of the faculty according to the indicator of the strength and speed of nervous processes with the heart rate in the standing position (p<0.05) and the difference between the heart rate in the standing and lying positions (p<0.01) was revealed. Conclusions. Physical exercises should be applied according to the professional characteristics and personal inclinations of the students, who were divided into 4 groups according to the indicators of reaction speed and orthostatic test. For students of the faculties of primary education and preschool education (1st group), we recommend using mobile and sports games. For students of humanities and natural sciences faculties (2nd group), any physical exercises that require an average manifestation of all physical qualities are suitable: dances, gymnastics, sports games, martial arts. Students of the Faculty of Arts (3rd group) are suitable for physical exercises that require high concentration of attention for a long time, for example, cyclical exercises. We recommend that students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports (4th group) continue to improve in their chosen sport, while also studying other sports.

Endurance-type disciplines (running, cycling, biathlon) define the cyclic structure of an athlete's movements, which, in addition to functional parameters, also includes an adequate fitness profile. Based on the detection, analysis and evaluation of these parameters, it is possible to define the fitness profile of the competitors as well as possible mutual differences. The current case study analyzes the fitness profile of competitors of three different disciplines (middle and long distances, cycling, ski biathlon) of top-level competitors, members of national teams. The study was conducted: Uroš Gutić (UG) - runner middle and long distances, member of AK "Sarajevo" and the BIH athletic national team; Milan Milivojević (MM) – cyclist, member of Cycling club "Borac" Čačak (Serbia), and the member Serbian national team; Stefan Lopatić (SL) – ski biathlete, member SK "Romanija" Pale, and BIH national team. A total of 12 parameters were measured to assess the fitness profile (repetitive strength, explosive strength, speed and agility). The results recorded considerable homogeneity of the sample with mutual differences. In addition to mutual differences, all study participants are characterized by an extremely good fitness profile, as shown by the measurement results.  Article visualizations: