Motivation/Background: positive staphylococci (CPS) are common contaminants of raw milk. Before it is used, various heat treatments are applied to destroy microorganisms, inactivate enzymes and improve technological properties and concentration of dry matter of milk. This work aimed to determine the influence of commonly used heat treatments in diary on presence and number CPS in raw milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina area and to affirm whether there is a difference in efficacy between different treatments. Method: Using the standard method, 40 samples of raw milk from farms were inoculated for counting the initial number of CPS in raw milk. Samples were then exposed to heat treatments in vapor sterilizer and CPS number was counted using the same standard method. Results: Applied treatments included heat treatments at: 68 °C/40 s, 70 °C/15 s, 72 °C/without holding, 63 °C/30 min and 72 °C/15 s. CPS presence was detected in all tested samples of raw milk in numbers ranging from 2,82 to 5,32, with an average of 4,30, calculated as log10 /ml. Conclusions: Raw milk samples collected in the field initially registered a high CPS number. The applied heat treatments were effective to a large extent. The initial CPS count of milk seems to be the most important factor determining the number of CPS after heat treatments as well as traits of the strains.

Background and Objectives: Titanium DS clips are made to secure the appendiceal stump during laparoscopic appendectomy. The assumption is that they behave like stapler clips in the body, being made from titanium. However, the construction and weight of DS clips differs from staplers. Their biocompatibility may have implications for their clinical use. Methods: One hundred and twenty rats were randomized into four experimental groups: in the first group the appendiceal stump was secured by Vicryl® ligature, in the second by linear staplers, in the third by Hem-o-lok® plastic clips, and in the fourth by DS titanium clips. Ten animals from each group were sacrificed 7, 28, and 60 days post-surgery. Histopathological data and adhesion formation were assessed. Results: On postoperative day 7, a statistically significant difference was found in the occurrence of inflammation between the Hem-o-lok® and stapler groups. The adhesion score was significantly higher in the Vycril® and Hem-o-lok® in comparison to the DS and stapler groups. On postoperative day 28, a statistically significant difference was found in the occurrence of inflammation between the Vycril® and stapler groups. The adhesion score was significantly higher in the Vycril® than in the DS and stapler groups. On postoperative day 60, there were no statistical differences between any of the groups. The adhesion score was significantly higher in the Hem-o-lok® group in comparison to the DS and stapler groups. Conclusion: Staplers and DS clips have advantages over other methods of securing the appendiceal stump, because of their high biocompatibility and lower adhesion score.

The study of crystalluria is of great importance for the detection of substances of endogenous or exogenous origin that are present inthe urine, to a greater or lesser extent. Urinary sediment crystals can provide valuable answers for the assessment of therapeutic efficacy, as well as congenital and/or acquired pathophysiological conditions. The nature of the observed crystals informs the clinician of the biochemical irregularity of the urine. Crystalluria is of clinical significance only if it has been studied under good test conditions (sample selection, time and storage conditions). Crystalluria interpretations are performed on the basis of the urinary pH determined with statistically significant reliability. When studying crystalluria by light microscopy, it is necessary to provide light polarization or bidirectional illuminationin order to reduce the risk of diagnostic error.

The coexistence of humans and dogs, in addition to all positive effects, can result in negative effects on human health. A particular risk is posed by a population of stray dogs, that is, dogs without owners and veterinary supervision. A contact with dogs in addition to bites, carries the risk of viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonoses, and can also cause psychological trauma. Children, the elderly and pregnant women are the categories most susceptible to the negative effects of dogs. The aim of the paper was to make an interdisciplinary analysis of the negative effects of dogs on humans. Dog bites cause wounds and dysfunction of damaged tissue, and often lead to various infections. The risks of rabies and tetanus are particularly significant if proper and timely treatment is not performed. Ongoing training for dog owners can significantly reduce the number of bites inflicted by owned dogs, but stray dogs remain a serious social problem and pose potential health risks of some zoonosis. Timely and adequate management of bite wounds and the use of rabies-post-exposure prophylaxis as well as psycho-therapy, where indicated, significantly reduce possible adverse health effects for patients who have been bitten by dogs.

Derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under the influence of various local factors and growth hormones, osteoblasts are one of the leading components of the bone tissue. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), an active form of vitamin D, plays an important role in retaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis within the body. Since vitamin D is also known to have effects on cell proliferation, our study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of calcitriol on the proliferation of in vitro cultured osteoblast-like cells from the bone marrow of 90-95 days old young adult rats of both sexes. Calcitriol was applied at six (6) different concentrations (nM): 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 40 i 60. Each concentration was tested four times, counting the cells after 24 and 48 hours. After 24 and 48 hours treatment, the most effective dose of calcitriol for cell proliferation was 0.1 nM for both males and females. The greatest reduction in the frequency of OB-like cells from both sexes after treatment of 24 and 48 hours, was a 60 nM calcitriol concentration. Higher proliferative values of osteoblast-like cells were obtained in males compared to those obtained in females. Thus, the results of the current study reveal that calcitriol treatment induces the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells in a dose-dependent manner and this effect shows difference in cells from different genders.

Changes in red blood cell morphology can be induced by various stimuli. In order to investigate the effects of different temperature intensities (37°C, 41°C, and 44°C) and exposure time (20 min and until the time of death) on erythrocyte morphology, heat stress was used on a rat model. Thirty-five Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 37°C as control group, 41°C and 44°C as trial groups. The trial groups were classified into antemortem the exposure time of 20 min and postmortem groups exposure time until fatal outcome. The anaesthetised rats were exposed to preheated water using the water bath. May-Grünwald-Giemsa colouring technique was applied on blood samples taken from the abdominal aorta. The light microscopy was performed (Motic Type 102M) to detect poikilocytes. Target cells and anulocytes were predominant in antemortem groups, while anulocytes and spherocytes in postmortem groups 41°C and 44°C, respectively. No difference in poikilocyte number was found between antemortem and postmortem groups 41°C and 44°C. Spherocyte number was significantly higher in postmortem than antemortem group 41°C (P=0.001) and dacryocytes with spherocytes in postmortem group 44°C (P=0.002, P=0.017, respectively). Poikilocytosis is associated with the exposure length and temperature intensity. Spherocytosis and anulocytosis are the most frequent in postmortem groups while target cells and anulocytes in antemortem groups. Following a fatal outcome, spherocytes at 41°C and dacryocytes with spherocytes at 44°C were significantly more than in corresponding antemortem groups.

Ksanten turevleri, dogal, yari sentetik ve sentetik kokenli olabilen siklik, organik bilesikleri temsil eder. Bu bilesikler, antibakteriyel, antiviral ve antienflamatuar ozellikler gibi cesitli farmakolojik aktiviteler nedeniyle dikkat cekmektedirler. Ayrica, ilaca direncli losemi hatlari icin ve fotodinamik tedavide antagonistler olarak kullanilmaktadirlar. Ayrica lazer teknolojisinde boyalar ve biyomolekullerin gorsellestirilmesi icin pH'a duyarli floresan malzemeler olarak uygulanirlar. Veteriner hekimlik alaninda yeni hastaliklar nedeniyle, bu bilesiklerin uygulanmasi cok faydali olabilir ve literaturde Veteriner arastirma alanindaki benzer bilesiklerin aktivitesi aciklanmaktadir. Bu derlemede ksanten turevlerinin antibakteriyel, antifungal, antihelmintik, antiprotozoal, antikanserojenik ve antidiyabetik aktivite gibi en onemli aktiviteleri ve etki mekanizmalari sunulmustur.

Abstract A rat with the mass located on the right lateral aspect of the head in the regio infraorbitalis, maxillaris, lateralis nasi dextra, et regio dorsalis nasi was presented for necropsy. Clinically, a severe form of dyspnea and occasional intermittent stridor were observed. Gross examination and histopathology revealed an abscess on the rat’s head. Hematological examination showed macrocytic regenerative hypochromic anemia. In addition, in blood smears stained with May Grunwald Giemsa, numerous spherocytes and anulocytes as well as reticulocytes indicating anemia were observed. Morphological changes found in the lymphocyte (1,1%) and neutrophil cytoplasm (20%) were most probably the result of adverse, toxic effects of various products of purulent inflammation in the head abscess. Key words: abscess, anemia, reticulocytes, spherocytes, anulocytes

Cytological analysis of urine sediment is an integral part of urine analysis and a useful, cost-effective diagnostic tool for all routine clinical examinations, which can sometimes be overlooked in veterinary practice. Proper handling and timely urine sample analysis are essential for valid microscopic analysis. Microscopic urinary sediment testing is usually carried out with stained or unstained specimen. A common urine may contain a small number of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes, epithelial cells) of several crystals, spermatozoids (male animals). In contrast, a large number of cells or casts, the presence of unusual types of crystals, neoplastic cells, parasites, and microorganisms include abnormal findings, requiring a specialized diagnostic approach. Correct identification of organic components of the urinary sediment are crucial for accurate and timely diagnosis of kidney disorders. Laboratory experts should be trained to properly identify and classify organic components of the urinary tract.

Bites of laboratory animals are treated as the bites of any other animals since the possibility of existence of pathogenic microorganisms, unfavorable for human health, in the rooms where these animals reside, is not excluded. A rare case of a laboratory rat bite, used for scientific research and previously infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , is presented here. The patient's wound was located on the forefinger of his hand and was 1 cm long and up to 0.2 cm deep. The antitetanus prophylaxis was administered in an ambulance, including antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanate per os. There exists a need for checks and special guidelines for the handling and retention of laboratory animals. The patient has successfully remedied the wound, thanks to consistent antibiotic therapy and antitetanus prophylaxis, and possible inflammatory complications were prevented .

The purpose of this study is to determine the Body Condition Score (BCS), which is subjectively measured in dairy cattle with inspection and palpation of backfat thickness, objectively by using transrectal ultrasonography examination method after delivery. Fortyfour cows, randomly selected from 350 dairy cattle with average 650 kg live weight and 2 6 lactation number have been used. Cows have been separated in two groups according to BCS; which are: Group 1 (BCS ≤ 3) 22 cows (“V” shape observed upon lateral view of pelvis, BCS equal to or below 3) and Group 2 (BCS ˃ 3) 22 cows (“U” shape observed upon lateral view of pelvis, BCS above 3). Subcutaneous fat thickness have been determined by examining body thickness using ultrasonographic imaging above the skin. In this study, ultrasonographic images were obtained by transrectal ultrasound examination method for the first time, and backfat thickness was determined and presented for literature. In the transrectal ultrasound examination; A hand-held probe was inserted from the rectum after rectum is cleared, it was pushed forward inside the cavum pelvis, and measurements were performed on the fat tissue between the muscle and skin layers by scanning vertically using the probe on the sacral region between the upper parts of last lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and tuber coxae. Corresponding images resulting from the examination were saved on the ultrasonography device, and evaluated after being transferred in software. In result of this study, backfat thickness of BCS ≤ 3 and BCS ˃ 3 groups were determined according to ultrasonography examination method, and a difference was observed between groups (p<0,05). TMR (Total Mixed Ration) analysis had been done. In this study 305-day milk yields have been determined and no difference has been determined between groups (p˃0,05).