The study investigated the influence of maturity, biomass type, and depositional settings on the distribution and relative abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for lacustrine sediments collected from depths up to 1000 m of Prebreza and Čučale stratigraphic units (the northwest part of the Toplica Basin). A recently proposed benzo[ghi]perylene/(perylene + benzo[ghi]perylene) parameter, along with commonly used Phenanthrene Alkylation Index and benzo[e]pyrene/(perylene + benzo[e]pyrene) indices, pointed out differences in maturity levels between stratigraphic units by displaying a positive linear relationship with vitrinite reflectance. However, in several immature Prebreza sediments, a substantial presence of algae and/or anoxic, mesosaline/hypersaline conditions were suitable for forming β-substituted methylphenanthrenes and 6-ring benzo[ghi]perylene. Generally, high molecular weight unsubstituted PAHs (HMWPAHs), particularly perylene, predominated Prebreza sediments. Anoxic conditions appeared to be decisive for accumulating and preserving the perylene carbon skeleton in studied stratigraphic units. Besides, more intense volcanism in the Čučale unit favored combustion processes, which prompted the accumulation of low molecular weight unsubstituted PAHs (LMWPAHs), especially phenanthrene. A general prevalence of retene over cadalene in Prebreza sediments, in which alginite and liptodetrinite predominated, implied algae as retene precursor. Selective degradation of retene or hindered demethylation of 9-methylphenanthrene under anoxic and more saline environmental settings had occurred notably in the Prebreza unit, which led to the formation of 1-methylphenanthrene and/or pimanthrene (1,7-dimethylphenanthrene). Čučale sediments with substantial amounts of vitrinite macerals or saturated diterpenoids had a predominant simonellite derived from conifers. Non-degraded and well-preserved Pinaceae conifers predominated in Prebreza sediments deposited under semi-arid climatic conditions, whereas mixed degraded/non-degraded conifers characterized Čučale sediments deposited in a wide range of climatic conditions, from semi-arid to semi-humid.

Background: According to the WHO (2019), more than 1.5 billion people worldwide are infected with soil-transmitted parasites. Previous research in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H) was mainly conducted in the area of the Sarajevo Canton. Therefore, the aim of the research was to explore contamination of soil and vegetation with developmental forms of parasites in the other cantons of FB&H. Methods: Between Apr and Oct 2018, a total of 1,618 soil and vegetation samples were taken from 386 different locations in the 9 cantons of the FB&H. Results: Positive samples were observed, 65/66 (98.48%) municipalities/cities and on 239/386 (61.92%) locations. Out of 1,618 samples taken in total (1,263 soil samples and 355 vegetation samples), 357 (22.06%) were positive, out of which 337 (26.68%) and 20 (5.63%) were soil and plant samples, respectively. In total, the following adult and developmental forms were identified: Taeniidae eggs (7.30%), Toxocara spp. eggs (62.08%), Ancylostomatidae eggs (25.00%), Trichuris spp. eggs (9.55%), Capillaria spp. eggs (3.37%), Toxascaris leonina eggs (1.40%), Nematodes larvae (19.38%), Giardia duodenalis cysts (5.06%), Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (1.4%), oocysts and cysts of different species of Protozoa (3.93%). Conclusion: The identified developmental forms of parasites pose a permanent threat to human health. It is necessary to carry out measures to reduce the contamination of soil and vegetation in coordination with systematic solutions (legislation), paralelly with contribution of animal owners, veterinarians, physicians, ecologists, parents and all the others involved in this issue.

Brain tumors diagnosis in children is a scientific concern due to rapid anatomical, metabolic, and functional changes arising in the brain and non-specific or conflicting imaging results. Pediatric brain tumors diagnosis is typically centralized in clinical practice on the basis of diagnostic clues such as, child age, tumor location and incidence, clinical history, and imaging (Magnetic resonance imaging MRI / computed tomography CT) findings. The implementation of deep learning has rapidly propagated in almost every field in recent years, particularly in the medical images’ evaluation. This review would only address critical deep learning issues specific to pediatric brain tumor imaging research in view of the vast spectrum of other applications of deep learning. The purpose of this review paper is to include a detailed summary by first providing a succinct guide to the types of pediatric brain tumors and pediatric brain tumor imaging techniques. Then, we will present the research carried out by summarizing the scientific contributions to the field of pediatric brain tumor imaging processing and analysis. Finally, to establish open research issues and guidance for potential study in this emerging area, the medical and technical limitations of the deep learning-based approach were included.

BACKGROUND The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) vary between regions but have risen globally in recent decades. A lack of data from developing nations limits the understanding of IBD epidemiology. AIM To perform a follow-up review of IBD epidemiology in the Tuzla Canton of Bosnia-Herzegovina during a 10-year period (2009-2019). METHODS We prospectively evaluated the hospital records of both IBD inpatients and outpatients residing in Tuzla Canton for the specified period of time between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2019. Since all our patients had undergone proximal and distal endoscopic evaluations at the hospital endoscopy unit, we used the hospital’s database as a primary data source, alongside an additional cross-relational search of the database. Both adult and pediatric patients were included in the study. Patients were grouped by IBD type, phenotype, age, and gender. Incidence rates were calculated with age standardization using the European standard population. Trends in incidence and prevalence were evaluated as a 3-year moving average and average annual percentage change rates. RESULTS During the 10-year follow-up period, 651 patients diagnosed with IBD were monitored (of whom 334, or 51.3%, were males, and 317, or 48.7%, were females). Of all the patients, 346 (53.1%) had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC), 292 (44.9%) with Crohn’s disease (CD), and 13 (2%) with indeterminate colitis (IC). We observed 440 newly diagnosed patients with IBD: 240 (54.5%) with UC, 190 (43.2%) with CD, and 10 (2.3%) with IC. The mean annual crude incidence rates were found to be 9.01/100000 population for IBD [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.17-9.85], with 4.91/100000 (95%CI: 4.29-5.54) for UC and 3.89/100000 (95%CI: 3.34-4.44) for CD. Calculated IBD prevalence in 2019 was 146.64/100000 (95%CI: 128.09-165.19), with 77.94/100000 (95%CI: 68.08-87.70) for UC and 65.77/100000 (95%CI: 54.45-74.1) for CD. The average annual IBD percentage change was 0.79% (95%CI: 0.60-0.88), with -2.82% (95%CI: -2.67 to -2.97) for UC and 6.92% (95%CI: 6.64-7.20) for CD. During the study period, 24,509 distal endoscopic procedures were performed. The incidence of IBD was 3.16/100 examinations (95%CI: 2.86-3.45) or 1.72/100 examinations (95%CI: 1.5-1.94) for UC and 1.36/100 examinations (95%CI: 1.17-1.56) for CD. CONCLUSION Trends in the incidence and prevalence of IBD in Tuzla Canton are similar to Eastern European averages, although there are significant epidemiological differences within geographically close and demographically similar areas.

Juvenile delinquency points to the existence of adverse social circumstances in which children grow up, and it requires a very complex intervention directed at a number of factors that cause such a phenomenon. Due to insufficient development and sensitivity in this stage of growing up, a young person’s development may be directed in an asocial or antisocial direction, going all the way to a criminal form of behavior. A juvenile experimenter is a person who has not been satisfied with life for a long time before they start taking addictive substances. The causes can be different: from loneliness, intro-version, unattainable goals, boredom, frustration due to disappointment, or rejection in society. In addition, people who enter the world of addiction usually do not have family in the true sense of the word. It is often not easy to recognize the difference between “normal, ” common changes in adolescence, such as mood swings and defying parents and teachers and signs of substance abuse. There are a number of signs of substance abuse in young people, the most important of which is change, that is, it is important to pay attention to any significant changes in physical appearance, personality, attitudes, or behavior. Over the past decades, therapeutic communities have been trying to provide an answer to the phenomena and problems related to substance abuse. All users of the therapeutic community have behavioral problems of various forms and intensities as well as a certain degree of educational neglect. Psychotherapy and rehabilitation are the purpose of the therapeutic community. Without adequate psychotherapy and sociotherapy, juvenile users would become frequent users of health services.

INTRODUCTION: Today, the quality of the health care is measured with the help of two parameters, patient outcomes and patient satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the level of satisfaction with health care in post-operative gyne-cology patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study of patient satisfaction was conducted at the gynecology ward of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University Clinical Hospital Mostar by an anonymous survey using a questionnaire designed exclusively for this study. The study included a total of 100 patients who underwent gynecological surgery. RESULTS: All preoperative and postoperative categories at the gynecology ward, including communication with gyneco-logists, anesthesiologists and nurse were rated with higher than the average score of 4. 5. The study group had a relatively short hospital stay with an average of 4. 6 days. More than 70% of patients were hospitalized for up to 6 days. Order and cle-anliness of were rated with a high average score of 4. 6; and the attitude of service staff is at high-level (average score 4. 6). CONCLUSION: High satisfaction scores represent an obligation for continuing to nurture the communication skills of the overall medical and non-medical staff. The current study is a starting point for further research on patient satisfaction at the gynecology department.

In neuroscience research, the refined analysis of rodent locomotion is complex and cumbersome, and access to the technique is limited because of the necessity for expensive equipment. In this study, we implemented a new deep learning-based open-source toolbox for Automated Limb Motion Analysis (ALMA) that requires only basic behavioral equipment and an inexpensive camera. The ALMA toolbox enables the consistent and comprehensive analyses of locomotor kinematics and paw placement and can be applied to neurological conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord. We demonstrated that the ALMA toolbox can (1) robustly track the evolution of locomotor deficits after spinal cord injury, (2) sensitively detect locomotor abnormalities after traumatic brain injury, and (3) correctly predict disease onset in a multiple sclerosis model. We, therefore, established a broadly applicable automated and standardized approach that requires minimal financial and time commitments to facilitate the comprehensive analysis of locomotion in rodent disease models. Presenting ALMA toolbox, an open source Python repository for automatic analysis of mouse locomotion using bodypart coordinates from markerless pose estimation tools. ALMA is capable of analyzing both healthy and CNS-injured mice. ALMA is also capable of predicting onset of disease in a multiple sclerosis model.

D2D is a promising paradigm of the 5G network offering a beneficial infrastructure and allowing different applications such as social applications, advertising services, or those supporting mutual connectivity of heterogenous objects, as well as those offering support in cases of natural disasters. Compared to conventional network communication, communication achieved by D2D technology shows a lower degree of security. It is necessary to modify existing security mechanisms and new solutions to be adapted to the application of D2D in the fifth generation network, which will raise the level of security in terms of authenticity verification, ensuring service availability and maintaining integrity.

For many decades English language was dominant in international scientific communications, but during the last decade it threatens to become the only language for communicating medical science at international level. The aim of this article was to make an overview of publication practices in regard to language of publication of MEDLINE-referenced articles from European countries in year 2020. Scientific publications referenced in MEDLINE database during year 2020 were chosen for analysis. The inclusion criteria were publications affiliated with one of European countries, published in either English or national languages of those countries. The countries with less than 100.000 inhabitants were excluded from the study. Only 11 of 38 European countries had any number of medical publications in national language that were referenced in MEDLINE; the authors from twenty-seven European countries completely stopped publishing in national language at international journals. While economic strenght of a country was strongly correlated with number of international publications per 100.000 inhabitants, the correlation with international papers published in national languages was much less pronounced. Researchers from majority of European countries are publishing their studies predominantly or only in international medical journals printed in English language. Additional efforts should be made in the future to promote publishing in national languages.

In current guidelines, thiopurines are still recommended as first-line maintenance therapy for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Due to their lack of immunogenicity, oral administration route and low costs, thiopurines are an attractive first-line treatment option. However, in recent studies the position of thiopurine monotherapy in CD has been questioned as a result of relatively lower overall effectiveness rates compared to ulcerative colitis. Real-world long-term effectiveness data substantiating the use and position of thiopurines in CD management remain sparse. We assessed long-term effectiveness of thiopurine monotherapy in CD using the population-based IBD South-Limburg (IBDSL) cohort. All CD patients in the IBDSL cohort starting thiopurine monotherapy as first-line maintenance therapy between 1991–2014 were included. Thiopurine monotherapy was defined effective if either: (1) no escalation to biological treatment, (2) no course of corticosteroids, (3) no resective surgery or, (4) no hospitalization for active disease was required whilst on thiopurine treatment. Patients with early treatment discontinuation (i.e. <3 months) were identified, including reason of discontinuation. Long-term effectiveness was assessed adjusting for differences in follow-up between patients using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Potential risk factors for therapy failure were identified using Cox regression. In total, 643/1162 (55.3%) CD patients (median follow-up: 8.5 years IQR 5.0–13.2) received first-line thiopurine monotherapy after a median of 9.7 months (IQR 3.2–31.3) after diagnosis. Therapy was discontinued within three months in 164 patients (25.5%), mainly due to adverse events [Figure 1]. Thiopurine monotherapy was effective for the duration of treatment in 229/479 (35.6%) patients, corresponding to estimated effectiveness rates of 62.9%, 43.9% and 31.2% after 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively [Figure 1–2]. No significant difference in effectiveness was observed after stratifying for era of thiopurine initiation (pre-biological (1991–1998) vs. biological (>1999) era, p=0.84). Factors associated with thiopurine failure were stricturing disease (aHR 1.41, 95%CI 1.01–1.96) and upper GI involvement (aHR 1.52, 95%CI 1.02–2.28) at diagnosis. During follow-up, 40/229 patients with a durable response discontinued treatment due to quiescent disease. Of these, 35 patients (87.5%) remained without treatment 24 months after discontinuation. Real-world data from this population-based study demonstrate that thiopurine monotherapy remains an effective and durable first-line treatment option for CD, even in the biological era. These results should be considered in the ongoing discussion regarding the position of thiopurine therapy.

Immunomodulators and biologicals are cornerstones in the current management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), but are associated with increased risk of infections. Post-marketing surveillance studies are important to assess the risk for infectious side effects in real-world populations, yet mainly focus on severe infections. Data on mild and moderate infections in IBD patients are scarce, primarily since self-limiting infections and infections treated by the general practitioner are not systematically captured in surveillance registries. Mild and moderate infections take longer to clear in immunosuppressed patients, have a large impact on (work) disability and quality of life, and potentially precede severe infections. In the current study, we aimed to develop and implement a remote monitoring tool for real-world assessment of infections in IBD patients. Through a structured iterative process with input from IBD specialists, nurse practitioners, and a comprehensive literature review, a 7-item Questionnaire comprising 15 different types of infections (covering e.g. upper/lower respiratory tract; urinary tract; eye; and skin infections) was developed to measure Patient-Reported Infections (PRIQ) with a recall period of 3 months. Infection severity was defined as either mild (self-limiting or requiring topical/local treatment), moderate (requiring oral antibiotic, antiviral or antifungal drugs) or severe (requiring hospitalization and/or IV treatment). To ascertain comprehensiveness and comprehensibility in the intended study population prior to implementation, in three rounds a total of 36 randomly selected IBD patients visiting the outpatient clinic were interviewed individually until saturation was reached. Overall, patient understanding of the PRIQ was good and cognitive interviews did not result in reduction of questionnaire-items. Analysis of feedback from interviews resulted in addition of definitions to certain response options (e.g. definition for antivirals) and minor linguistic adjustments to further improve patient understanding. A total of three patients (8.3%) raised concerns on the recall period of 3 months, which after expert consensus, did not result in alteration of the recall period. Next, the PRIQ was digitized and implemented in myIBDcoach, an established telemedicine platform for management of IBD. We developed a remote monitoring tool (PRIQ) to assess patient-reported infections in IBD and ascertained patient understanding through cognitive interviewing. A prospective multicentre study using the myIBDcoach platform is ongoing to validate the PRIQ and subsequently report the risk of mild and moderate infections across different treatment regimens in IBD patients (NCT04151420).

In this paper we will look at the one system of ODE and analyze it. We aim to determine the points of equilibrium; examine their character and establish the existence of a bifurcation for the corresponding parameter value. A detailed analysis of local stability was performed for all values of the given parameter. For a certain value of the parameter, the existence of supercritical Hopf bifurcation of the observed system of differential equations has been proved. Also, the existence of a limit cycle that is always stable has been proved.

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in Europe. The European Stroke Action Plan (ESAP) defines four main targets for the years 2018 to 2030. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the use of innovative technologies and created pressure to improve internet networks. Moreover, 5G internet network will be helpful for the transfer and collecting of extremely big databases. Nowadays, the speed of internet connection is a limiting factor for robotic systems, which can be controlled and commanded potentially from various places in the world. Innovative technologies can be implemented for acute stroke patient management soon. Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are used increasingly often without the exception of medicine. Their implementation can be achieved in every level of stroke care. In this article, all steps of stroke health care processes are discussed in terms of how to improve them (including prehospital diagnosis, consultation, transfer of the patient, diagnosis, techniques of the treatment as well as rehabilitation and usage of AI). New ethical problems have also been discovered. Everything must be aligned to the concept of “time is brain”.

BACKGROUND falls and fall-related injuries are common in older adults, have negative effects both on quality of life and functional independence and are associated with increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Current clinical approaches and advice from falls guidelines vary substantially between countries and settings, warranting a standardised approach. At the first World Congress on Falls and Postural Instability in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in December 2019, a worldwide task force of experts in falls in older adults, committed to achieving a global consensus on updating clinical practice guidelines for falls prevention and management by incorporating current and emerging evidence in falls research. Moreover, the importance of taking a person-centred approach and including perspectives from patients, caregivers and other stakeholders was recognised as important components of this endeavour. Finally, the need to specifically include recent developments in e-health was acknowledged, as well as the importance of addressing differences between settings and including developing countries. METHODS a steering committee was assembled and 10 working Groups were created to provide preliminary evidence-based recommendations. A cross-cutting theme on patient's perspective was also created. In addition, a worldwide multidisciplinary group of experts and stakeholders, to review the proposed recommendations and to participate in a Delphi process to achieve consensus for the final recommendations, was brought together. CONCLUSION in this New Horizons article, the global challenges in falls prevention are depicted, the goals of the worldwide task force are summarised and the conceptual framework for development of a global falls prevention and management guideline is presented.