In this paper, a linguistic analysis of the Itinerarium Egeriae, one of the oldest documented Christian pilgrimages to the eastern Mediterranean, is presented. The aim of the work is to present characteristics related to Vulgar Latin. The linguistic analysis is focused on characteristics which are not in keeping with classical norms, in an attempt to describe certain changes with regard to Classical Latin and traditional grammar, which may cause difficulty for the reader. It is evident that the Itinerarium Egeriae is not characterized by ornate expression like the texts of classical writers, but it offers interesting, if sometimes confusing, deviations from classical norms. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first section Egeria, the purpose of the trip, the text, the author’s ability to observe, and her style aimed at spiritual instruction are presented. Egeria’s style of Latin are the subject of the second and main section of the work, which includes language, style, literary aspect and phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of travel writing.

Language, as the linguistic manifestation of extralinguistic experiences, often functions as a means for the creation and expression of societal inequality. In addition to the fact that the participants of social reality are almost never socially equal, which means that someone has power over others, the linguistic reflection of those relationships always derives from the author, who has the power to control the context; his practical instrumentation comes from his own lexical and grammatical choices, as well as their conscious and targeted combination. In this paper, the focus is on noticing and distinguishing, and analyzing and interpreting the choices of V. Paterculus as an author within the framework of collective agency and the topoi with which the Roman national identity is first built, and then positioned as superior to the identities of the peoples with whom the Romans came into contact. While for authors from the 1st century A.D. the language strategies touched on in this paper were not available, since they were neither described nor defined before the 20th century, ancient writers used them completely unconsciously in their spontaneous writing; therefore, these texts, as well as modern ones, are subject to linguistic analysis, interpretation and criticism precisely according to the guidelines of modern language criteria. In this paper one of the possible methods of analysis of the construction of the national and supranational identity of a nation in the historiographical discourse will be offered; the analysis will be based on discursive strategies and macro-strategies offered by the discursive-historical approach and based on empirical data gathered in tabular reviews. An indispensable part of the analysis will be the analyst’s criticism, which derives from democratic norms, human rights and the criteria of rational argumentation from today’s temporal, cultural and political context, because the purpose of critical discourse studies is to expose and point out how domination, i.e., the abuse of social power and inequality, are realized and reproduced in text and speech, but also on how to oppose them in a social and political context (van Dijk 2001, 352).

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The strut-type hybrid system can be made in different geometric shapes, which are affected by: the number and arrangement of struts, the shape and position of the cable in relation to the girder, and the size and shape of the cross-section of the girder. When choosing a system, all the listed parameters can vary geometrically, which has consequences on the behaviour of the girder when carrying the load by directly affecting the change in the stiffness of the system. In addition to the geometric parameters, the stiffness of the hybrid system is affected by variations in the properties of the incorporated materials and their mutual relations. In this paper, based on a detailed parametric analysis, the principles of design, the choice of materialisation, and the possibility of further optimisation of the persistent-type hybrid systems are given, with the aim of additionally increasing the load capacity and reducing the deformability. The results of this research are presented in the form of general expressions and diagrams, which can be applied with sufficient accuracy in practice when choosing the form and materialisation of the hybrid system, as well as the possibility of further optimisation of the system by applying pre-stressing. Using the example of external pre-stressing of a glued laminated timber girder, with the assumption of ensuring the lateral stability of the system, the results of the analysis of the behaviour of such a system under load in real conditions, i.e. the influence of the environment and changes in material properties, are given.</span></p>

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the yields of acetylsalicylic acid synthesis based on the traditional approach and green chemistry approach. Green chemistry is one of the most important approaches in pharmaceutical sustainability. The reagents used for the acetylsalicylic acid synthesis can be environmentally harmful, so there is a need for a better and safer alternative. Methods: We conducted five syntheses based on the traditional approach and five syntheses based on the green chemistry approach. The synthesis process was identical except for one part – traditional synthesis used sulfuric acid and green chemistry synthesis used phosphoric acid. After synthesis, theoretical and experimental yields were calculated. The obtained products were tested using high performance liquid chromatography.Main findings: The theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid in both reactions was determined as 3.896 g. Traditional synthesis gave us a mean yield of 3.113 g (79.8%). Green chemistry synthesis gave us a mean yield of 3.104 g (79.4%). The quality of both products was confirmed by the above-mentioned chromatography method. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of the product masses (p=0.8220).Principal conclusions: Phosphoric acid can be used as a safe alternative to acetylsalicylic acid synthesis instead of sulfuric acid. As phosphoric acid is much safer than sulfuric acid in terms of environmental impact, these findings can be used in the pharmaceutical industry setting to obtain a better, cleaner and safer alternative to acetylsalicylic acid synthesis.Key words: acetylsalicylic acid, synthesis, green chemistry, medicinal chemistryArticle processing history:Received July 19, 2023 Revised November 7, 2023 Accepted November 21 , 2023 ORCID IDs of the authors: L.G. 0009-0005-9137-6218M.K. 0000-0003-3904-4994Corresponding author:Assistant Professor Martin Kondža, PhD; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88000Mostar, Bosnia and HerzegovinaE‒mail: martin.kondza@farf.sum.baCite this article as: Golemac L, KondžaM. Synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid –an environmentally friendly approach. Annals of Biomedical and Clinical Research. 2023;2:100 -108 . https://doi.org/Copyright © School of Medicine, University of Mostar 2023

Širom nekadašnjeg Rimskog carstva otkriven je veliki broj epigrafskih spomenika na kojima se spominju funkcioneri u municipijima i kolonijama koji su bili pripadnici društvenih struktura koje označavamo sintagmom lokalne elite. Među njima se ističe kategorija uglednika koji su obavljali važne funkcije u nekoliko upravnih centara unutar iste provincije. U provinciji Dalmaciji također postoje primjeri lokalnih dostojanstvenika koji su bili na najvažnijim upravnim i svećeničkim funkcijama u različitim municipalnim centrima. Ova vrsta kretanja može se svrstati pod sintagmu geografska mobilnost, koja se u literaturi najčešće spominje u radovima koji tretiraju područje rimske Hispanije. Pod ovim pojmom uključene su u istu kategoriju različite vrste mobilnosti, od lokalne administracije, zatim mobilnost pripadnika legija i pomoćnih jedinica, do mobilnosti zbog određenih vjerskih razloga. Među prvim autorima geografsku mobilnost španskih provincija u doba principata obrađivao je u svojoj disertaciji Evan Woodruff Haley, koji je, između ostalog, analizirao geografsku mobilnost lokalne administracije u rimskoj Španiji. Haley je osobe koje obavljaju svećeničku ili magistratsku dužnost u više mjesta označio kao intrageneracijske migrante, gdje su još spadali provincijski svećenici, incolae, uvezeni robovi i vojnici. Ne postoji jedinstveno objašnjenje zbog čega je dolazilo do ove vrste mobilnosti provincijskih elita u rimskom svijetu. Razlozi mogu biti jednostavni poput trajne promjene prebivališta ili mogu odražavati geografske, ekonomske, sentimentalne, političke ili porodične veze, u bilo kojoj kombinaciji.

The specificity of architectural activity in the process of creation lies in its abstraction of reality. Architects, who often do not know the context within which they operate, define goals, problems and tools based on professional analytical methods. The traditional educational system emphasizes the role of the expert as a “conductor” who controls the outcome with a drawing. At the same time, authorship and creativity enable the designer (company or project client) to determine how the newly built context functions, its appearance, and the way it is used by the end users. An even more common phenomenon is intuitive spatial activity, where due to the pressure of modern parameters of time and money, decisions are made based on the unconscious process of creation. The results are responses to fragments of reality or reckless actions on existing complex spatial relationships. During the entire process of creating a new reality, experts – who are members of the system and the macro-social level, act on the micro-social level and implement the values of the system. Ultra-subjective alienation from reality and the manipulative practice of narrative design solutions serve individuals instead of common interests. What are the possibilities of resisting the ideological construction of the new reality? If we want to improve the existing context with architecture, we should solve contradictions through spatial activity instead of hiding them ideologically. By including the subjective and objective realities of the context within which the architect operates, the possibility of strengthening the user and the community is realized. It is necessary to include reality in the creative process, in the way of their mutual interweaving instead of differentiating. It should not be the final stage of the process, but a parallel part of its initiation, development and completion.

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood capillaries from pre-existing vessels. Even though it is essential during normal development, it plays a major role in cancer progression. Neratinib is a pan-human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) inhibitor that has recently been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. However, its effects on angiogenesis and embryogenesis remain unknown. This study examined the antiangiogenic effects of neratinib using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos. We also evaluated neratinib’s toxicity during the early stages of normal development using the chicken embryos, primary embryonic fibroblasts (EFBs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Our findings revealed that neratinib significantly inhibited the CAM angiogenesis compared to controls by reducing vessel percentage area and the average vessel length. Furthermore, neratinib downregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator of angiogenesis. At lower concentrations, neratinib was well-tolerated during early stages of normal development. Additionally, EFBs treated with neratinib showed no morphological or viability changes when compared to controls. However, at the highest concentration tested, neratinib treatment reduced HUVEC cell viability. This effect may be associated with the dysregulation of key apoptotic genes, including caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) gene. Our findings indicate a novel potential application of neratinib as an antiangiogenic agent, exhibiting tolerable toxicity in the early stages of embryogenesis.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a country rich in history and culture, has for centuries been at the crossroads between the West and the East, which has resulted in quite a mixture of cross-cultural elements that pose many obstacles for translators. As the issues of tourism-language translation have been relatively underexplored in BiH, this article attempts to investigate the extent to which the translators of tourism-related content available online succeeded in making the local color of architecture-related terms accessible to foreign visitors. The article also examines whether the issue of accessibility of local color was addressed adequately by local translators. Many formal and informal online sources were used for the selection of prominent cultural terms and their English translations, which were analyzed in terms of lexis and semantics. We identified many examples where the cultural content was made accessible to the target audience, as well as examples where the transfer of the cultural content was done less successfully. In cases where translators experienced difficulty while transferring cultural terms, we attempted to draw prospective translators’ attention to potential pitfalls in the process of cultural mediation in translation from BiH’s official languages into English. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, tourism online, mediation, (in)accessibility, local color, translation, architecture

<p><strong>Introduction.</strong> Denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia (DFH) is a reactive lesion that occurs as a result of chronic trauma caused by the denture on the oral mucosa.</p> <p><strong>Case report.</strong> A female patient, 56 years old, reported to the Specialist Center for Dentistry at the Faculty of Medicine in Foča for the fabrication of complete dentures. She wore previous complete dentures for about 25 years and complained about their age and discoloration. Clinically, both dentures were poorly retained and stabilized by short wings, with pronounced signs of wear. Denture hygiene was poor. Multiple folds of hyperplasic connective tissue were observed in oral cavity upper vestibule mucosa. The lesion folds were pink and firm, corresponding to denture edges. Based on the anamnesis and clinical examination, a temporary diagnosis of denture-induced hyperplasia was made. The patient was informed about clinical condition assessment as well as possible therapeutic procedures and gave written consent to accept the offered therapeutic procedures. She was advised not to wear dentures for four weeks and to maintain proper oral hygiene. After that, the hyperplasia was surgically removed under local anesthesia. A tissue sample was sent for pathohistological analysis. A new pair of total dentures was made. Removed tissue pathohistological examination confirmed the diagnosis: &ldquo;Epulis fissuratum&rdquo;.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Education and regular check-ups are essential for the prevention of DFH. Patients should be given detailed oral and written instructions on oral and denture hygiene maintenance, with special reference to possible changes in oral tissues and the importance of regular follow-ups.</p>

<p><strong>Introduction. </strong>Long-term care is series of health and social care services provided at home or in an institutional environment to people with reduced functional capacity. Even though it is known that the quality of life (QoL) of elderly is on a lower level when compared to younger people, there is a small amount of information about QoL of long-term health care patients. The aim of our study was to determine the difference in QoL, depression, anxiety and stress of longterm health care users placed in and outside the institution.</p> <p><strong>Methods.</strong> This cross-sectional study included 100 long-term healthcare users, divided in two groups. First group consisted of 50 respondents from primary level of health care and second group consisted of 50 residents of nursing home. The research was conducted in the period from June to July 2022. A general socio-demographic questionnaire, SF-36 health questionnaire for estimating the QoL and the scale of depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21) were used as instruments in this study.</p> <p><strong>Results. </strong>Respondents who were institutionalized had significantly lower values of domains and summary scores of QoL compared to respondents whose health care took place outside of institutions, where the difference was observed in physical health summary score (37.67&plusmn;6.20% vs. 50.39&plusmn;10.74%, p&lt;0.001), and the mental health summary score (44.87&plusmn;11.82% vs. 51.83&plusmn;16.01%, p =0.015). Respondents who received long-term health care institutionally had significantly (p=0.011) more mild anxiety (12%) and moderate anxiety (34%) compared to respondents who received long-term health care outside the institution (4% vs. 14%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Our results showed that residents of nursing home had significantly worse physical and mental functioning, as well as more frequent occurrence of anxiety symptoms compared to users of longterm health care placed outside institutions, in home environment.</p>

Vines in Bosnia and Herzegovina are traditionally grown in the Herzegovina region, where, in addition to many international varieties, indigenous and domesticated varieties are also successfully grown. The most important varieties are Žilavka and Blatina, while others are found in a much smaller area. One of these is the Radovača variety, which is preserved in only one micro-locality in Herzegovina region. The paper presents the results of a two-year analysis (2017 - 2018) of the qualitative characteristics of grapes and wines of the Radovača variety. The average cluster weight ranged from 195,50 to 308,97g, and the weight of 10 berries ranged from 23,67g to 29,79g. A favorable proportion of the weight of berries in the cluster weight (96,63 - 97,86 g/100 gcluster) compared to the proportion of petioles (2,14 - 3,37 g/100 g cluster) was observed. The year had a significant impact on the observed characteristics, considering that the analyzed parameters had a slightly higher value during 2017. Oscillations in the value of TSS consequently caused oscillations in the alcohol content of the wine (13,88 - 8,19 %v/v). The values ​​of TTA in grape juice and TA of wine in the years of research were quite uniform, which may also indicate the genetic specificity of this variety in this respect. The content of phenolic compounds in grapes was also significant, especially in seeds (428,74 - 977,27 mg/kg). Regardless of the fluctuations in the years of research, the Radovača variety has a certain oenological potential, which is especially important considering that it is an indigenous grape variety.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of archaeological research carried out in 2022 at the site of Baričko brdo – Lug near Lukavac. Having above mentioned in mind, the methodology used during the two phases of archaeological research and the flow of work in the field is first briefly described. Next, the condition of the site prior to the fieldwork is described, followed by a description of previous archaeological research. What follows is a presentation of the results of archaeological excavations carried out during all the phases of archaeological research and geophysical surveys carried out during 2022.

Rad na evidenciji i obradi stećaka Bosne i Hercegovine, koji se kontinuirano provodi putem usvajanja Odluka Komisije za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika o proglašenju određenih lokaliteta nacionalnim spomenicima Bosne i Hercegovine, redovno rezultira pronalaženjem većeg broja stećaka i ukrasa zastupljenih na njima, kao i stećaka s natpisima pisanim srednjovjekovnom bosanskom epigrafskom ćirilicom. Nekropolu sa stećcima na lokalitetu Pitomi brijeg, na Morinama, u Nevesinju, pronašao je Gordan Čahtarević i evidentirao postojanje natpisa na pet stećaka, koji se u ovom radu prvi put objavljuju. Godine 2018. u mjesecu septembru i decembru izvršili smo opservaciju lokaliteta te utvrdili postojanje još dva natpisa. U ovom radu predstavljeno je dosadašnje čitanje Semoradovih natpisa s Boljuna te priređeno čitanje natpisa s lokaliteta Pitomi brijeg na Morinama u Nevesinju i lokaliteta Bojičića do na planini Crvanj u općini Kalinovik.

<p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes. Due to the dramatic increase in the number of diabetes cases, the prevalence of DR has also risen, making it the leading cause of blindness among the working-age population worldwide, despite the availability of screenings and modern therapeutic options. Risk factors for the development and progression of DR (duration of diabetes, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and genetic factors) have been investigated in numerous epidemiological studies and clinical researches, but the research results were not consistent. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the study of dyslipidemia in diabetes as one of the factors that could influence the onset and progression of DR, as well as apolipoproteins as potentially better biomarkers for DR. The results of our research also point in that direction. Identifying the risk factors for DR is crucial for enabling adequate prevention and raising awareness among individuals with diabetes about the importance of taking appropriate measures to prevent this microvascular complication.</p>