<p style="text-align: justify;">Standardnojezička &nbsp;norma &nbsp;počinje &nbsp;se &nbsp;učiti &nbsp;u &nbsp;ranoj &nbsp;&scaron;kolskoj &nbsp;dobi. &nbsp;Jedan &nbsp;od &nbsp;mnogobrojnih faktora &nbsp;koji &nbsp;utječu &nbsp;na &nbsp;taj &nbsp;proces &nbsp;jeste &nbsp;i &nbsp;jezik &nbsp;udžbenika &nbsp;koji &nbsp;se &nbsp;koriste &nbsp;u &nbsp;nastavi &nbsp;ne &nbsp;samo maternjeg &nbsp;jezika, &nbsp;nego &nbsp;i &nbsp;svih &nbsp;drugih &nbsp;nastavnih &nbsp;predmeta. &nbsp;Stoga &nbsp;je &nbsp;u &nbsp;ovom &nbsp;radu &nbsp;pažnja usmjerena upravo na jezik udžbenika u razrednoj nastavi koji su se koristili i koji se jo&scaron; uvijek koriste &nbsp;u &nbsp;&scaron;kolama &nbsp;u &nbsp;kojima &nbsp;se &nbsp;nastava &nbsp;izvodi &nbsp;na &nbsp;bosanskom &nbsp;jeziku. &nbsp;Upotreba &nbsp;dubleta &nbsp;u tekstovima udžbenika nije nimalo rijetka pojava, te su kori&scaron;teni dubleti, njihova normativna i upotrebna &nbsp;vrijednost, &nbsp;status &nbsp;u &nbsp;bosanskom &nbsp;jeziku &nbsp;i &nbsp;jo&scaron; &nbsp;pokoje &nbsp;pitanje &nbsp;vezano &nbsp;za &nbsp;njihovo pravopisno &nbsp;obilježavanje &nbsp;postali &nbsp;predmet &nbsp;na&scaron;eg &nbsp;istraživanja, &nbsp;a &nbsp;sve &nbsp;kako &nbsp;bi &nbsp;se &nbsp;utvrdio &nbsp;njihov&nbsp; utjecaj na razvijanje jezičke pismenosti učenika i komunikacijske kompetencije.&nbsp;</p>

Introduction: Meningiomas are the most common benign tumor of the central nervous system, accounting for 53.3% and 37.6% of all central nervous system tumors (1). The World Health Organization (WHO) Grade I meningiomas account for 80.5% of all meningiomas and are considered benign meningiomas; the WHO Grade II meningiomas account for 17.7% of all meningiomas and exhibit more aggressive behavior. Methods: In the period 2015-2022, a retrospective single-center study at the clinic of neurosurgery at the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo was conducted, which included patients with a pathohistological finding of WHO Grade I or II meningioma. Depending on the pathohistological grade of the tumor, patients were divided into two groups: Grade I and Grade II patients. Patients were examined clinically and radiologically. Clinical data collected included in the study: Gender, age, number of symptoms before surgery, whether patients were symptomatic or asymptomatic, pre-operative Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,and Karnopsky performance scale. Pre-operative contrast magnetic resonance imaging of the head measured tumor volume, temporal muscle thickness (TMT), sagittal midline shift, and surrounding cerebral edema. Results: A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study, 68 with WHO Grade I and 12 with WHO Grade II meningiomas. We found that patients with Grade I meningioma were younger and that the mean thickness of the temporal muscle was statistically thicker than in patients with Grade II. Increasing TMT was significantly and positively associated with Grade I tumors and negatively associated with Grade II tumors (p = 0.032). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that TMT can serve as a radiologic pre-operative indicator of meningioma grade and provide valuable guidance to neurosurgeons in surgical planning. Further studies are needed to validate these results.

Contrast staining after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke typically occurs in infarcted tissue and is considered an indicator of irreversible brain damage. Contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue was shown to occur in this retrospective review of 194 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment for anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke and is likely due to a reversible, milder degree of BBB disruption. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast staining is a common finding after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. It typically occurs in infarcted tissue and is considered an indicator of irreversible brain damage. Contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue has not been systematically investigated. We sought to assess the incidence, risk factors, and clinical significance of contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue after endovascular treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment for anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke. Contrast staining, defined as new hyperdensity on CT after endovascular treatment, was categorized as either contrast staining in infarcted tissue if the stained region demonstrated restricted diffusion on follow-up MR imaging or contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue if the stained region demonstrated no restricted diffusion. Baseline differences between patients with and without contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue were compared. Logistic regression was used to identify independent associations for contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue after endovascular treatment. RESULTS: Among 194 patients who underwent endovascular treatment for large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke and met the inclusion criteria, contrast staining in infarcted tissue was noted in 52/194 (26.8%) patients; contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue, in 26 (13.4%) patients. Both contrast staining in infarcted tissue and contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue were noted in 5.6% (11/194). Patients with contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue were found to have a higher likelihood of having an ASPECTS of 8–10, to be associated with contrast staining in infarcted tissue, and to achieve successful reperfusion compared with those without contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue. In contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue regions, the average attenuation was 40 HU, significantly lower than the contrast staining in infarcted tissue regions (53 HU). None of the patients with contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue had clinical worsening during their hospital stay. The median discharge mRS was significantly lower in patients with contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue than in those without (3 versus 4; P = .018). No independent predictors of contrast staining in noninfarcted tissue were found. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast staining can be seen outside the infarcted tissue after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke, likely attributable to the reversible disruption of the BBB in ischemic but not infarcted tissue. While generally benign, understanding its characteristics is important because it may mimic pathologic conditions such as infarcted tissue and cerebral edema.

Klebsiella pneumoniae, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, demonstrates an increasing trend of resistance to carbapenems and is a common cause of both hospital- and community-acquired infections. The current study provides insights into the genetic characterization of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates circulating during 2022 in a Sarajevo tertiary hospital. Among the 87 CRKP strains analyzed, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) results showed that 85 (97.7%) tested positive for the carbapenem resistance gene. The oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) gene was detected in 83 (95.4%) isolates, while the K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) genes were detected in one isolate each. No Verona integron-encoded-metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) or imipenemase-metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (IMP-1) genes were found in any of the tested isolates. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of sequence types (STs) revealed that ST101, an emerging high-risk clone exhibiting extensive drug resistance, was the most prevalent, whereas ST307 was detected in only one isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the ten CRKP isolates indicated the presence of three clusters that could constitute an outbreak. A comparison of the results of the utilized phenotypic test (the combined-disk test [CDT]) and rtPCR showed high concordance, suggesting that the phenotypic assay may be useful for the early detection of resistance mechanisms as part of routine susceptibility testing. With the increased affordability of next-generation sequencing (NGS), its application in hospital settings has proven highly beneficial, aiding in the implementation of infection control and prevention measures. Given the significant resistance demonstrated by the CRKP isolates to most tested antibiotics, it is imperative to establish effective methods to restrict the spread of these isolates, as well as to carefully monitor the use of carbapenems in clinical practice.

Chlorogenic acid, an ester of caffeic acid with quinic acid, also known as 5- O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), is a ubiquitous plant constituent that is an important intermediate in lignin biosynthesis. In some cases, it occurs at surprisingly high levels in the leaves and fruits of certain higher plants, such as coffee beans. Due to its catechol moiety and an extended side chain conjugation, it easily forms a resonance-stabilised phenoxy radical, accounting for its powerful antioxidant potential. The objective of this work was to determine if the esterification and methylation of 5- CQA would enhance its antioxidant activity. Two 5-CQA derivatives were prepared for this study. Chlorogenic acid was esterified with methanol over Amberlite IR120-H to obtain methyl chlorogenate, while methyl 3',4´-dimethyl chlorogenate was prepared from 5-CQA by treatment with diazomethane. Spectroscopic methods confirmed the structure of these derivatives. Their antioxidant properties were tested to establish a relationship between structure and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity results were generated for 5-CQA and its ester analogues using eight different methods. Depending on the method applied, results were expressed as IC50/MCE50 values or as equivalents of the applied standard (ascorbic acid and Trolox). In most of these tests, 5-CQA showed the highest antioxidant activity compared to its derivatives. Nevertheless, due to their hydrophobic characteristics, their ester analogues remain promising antioxidant candidates in emulsifying systems.

Diagnosing intracardiac masses poses a complex, multimodal challenge. We present the case of a 72-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever leading to mitral stenosis and a previous mitral valve commissurotomy who reported fatigue, weakness, and palpitations over the past three months. Echocardiography revealed a tumor (53 × 40 mm) in the enlarged left atrium, attached by a wide base to the left atrium wall, exhibiting variable densities. Computerized tomography identified a heterodense mass (53 × 46 × 37 mm) with similar attachments. Angiography showed two branches from the circumflex artery intricately associated with the mass. Despite unsuccessful embolization of the mass’ blood supply, surgical intervention including mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve annuloplasty, and tumor removal was pursued. Pathohistological analysis confirmed the mass as a thrombus. During the postoperative follow-up, the patient presented with no complaints. Follow-up echocardiography indicated the normal function of the mechanical mitral valve prosthesis and the absence of intracardiac masses. While it remains unknown whether this neovascularization is specific to patients with severe mitral valve disease, this case highlights the diagnostic challenges of differentiating between thrombi and tumors in the context of mitral valve disease. It illustrates the critical role of multimodal imaging in elucidating the anatomical and functional relationships within the heart, thereby guiding accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

Introduction Technical advances and the increasing role of interdisciplinary decision-making may warrant formal definitions of expertise in surgical neuro-oncology. Research question The EANS Neuro-oncology Section felt that a survey detailing the European neurosurgical perspective on the concept of expertise in surgical neuro-oncology might be helpful. Material and methods The EANS Neuro-oncology Section panel developed an online survey asking questions regarding criteria for expertise in neuro-oncological surgery and sent it to all individual EANS members. Results Our questionnaire was completed by 251 respondents (consultants: 80.1%) from 42 countries. 67.7% would accept a lifetime caseload of >200 cases and 86.7% an annual caseload of >50 as evidence of neuro-oncological surgical expertise. A majority felt that surgeons who do not treat children (56.2%), do not have experience with spinal fusion (78.1%) or peripheral nerve tumors (71.7%) may still be considered experts. Majorities believed that expertise requires the use of skull-base approaches (85.8%), intraoperative monitoring (83.4%), awake craniotomies (77.3%), and neuro-endoscopy (75.5%) as well as continuing education of at least 1/year (100.0%), a research background (80.0%) and teaching activities (78.7%), and formal interdisciplinary collaborations (e.g., tumor board: 93.0%). Academic vs. non-academic affiliation, career position, years of neurosurgical experience, country of practice, and primary clinical interest had a minor influence on the respondents’ opinions. Discussion and conclusion Opinions among neurosurgeons regarding the characteristics and features of expertise in neuro-oncology vary surprisingly little. Large majorities favoring certain thresholds and qualitative criteria suggest a consensus definition might be possible.

Objective: High blood pressure and proteinuria play major roles in chronic kidney disease (CKD), a high-mortality condition that affects millions of people. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases are implicated in many pathophysiological processes including hypertension and CKD. Apocynin (APO) shows the anti-oxidative activity by inhibiting the assembly of NADPH oxidase and overproduction of ROS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of apocynin on oxidative stress, blood pressure and kidney function in normotensive rats with CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy through ligation of renal poles (Nx-L). Design and method: Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. One group was control (sham surgery) and two other groups underwent two-step surgical procedure of 5/6 nephrectomy induced by ligation of renal poles. Unlike conventional Nx which leads to high mortality due to hemorrhage in or after surgery, here we induced Nx by ligation of the upper and lower poles (leads to necrosis of these poles) of left kidney after removal the right kidney one week later. After 4 weeks from this procedure, control and model group (Nx-L) received vehicle, while Nx-L+APO received apocynin 20 mg/kg/day (i.p.) for 4-week-period. Mean blood pressure (MAP), proteinuria, and oxidative stress marker (thiobarbituric acid reactive species-TBARS) in plasma and urine were measured. Results: In model group we observed significantly increased MAP (121,13±2,01vs.94,88±4,13mmHg, p<0.001), plasma creatinine (55,4±1,3vs. 41,3±2,3μmol/l, p<0.001), and proteinuria (0,036±0,006vs.0,017±0,001mg/min/kg, p<0.01) levels compared to those in control. Furthermore, significant increase of plasma TBARS level (5,47±0,77vs.2,75±0,52nmol/ml, p<0.01) and urine TBARS excretion (1,10±0,06vs.0,86±0,04nmol/min/kg, p<0.01) were detected in model compared to control. Interestingly, APO treatment significantly reduced blood pressure to the level of control (83,88±5,14vs.94,88±4,13mmHg). APO significantly reduced urine protein loss (0,024±0,002vs.0,036±0,006mg/min/kg, p<0.05) and plasma creatinine level (49,9±1,5vs.55,4±1,3μmol/l, p<0.05) as well as reduced plasma lipid peroxidation (2,19±0,26vs.5,47±0,77nmol/ml, p<0.001) in comparison to model group. Conclusions: Our results show that APO treatment prevents blood pressure rising and ameliorates kidney function in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy trough improvement of systemic oxidative status. Therefore, NADPH oxidase presents a potential therapeutic target in this form of kidney disease.