Research has shown that second language (L2) motivation plays a significant role in the language learning process. In addition, studies indicate that L2 anxiety has an important influence on both L2 motivation and L2 learning. In Croatia, few studies have focused on the relationship between L2 motivation and L2 anxiety in learning English among non- language university majors since the introduction of the Bologna process in 2005. Specifically, L2 motivation within Dornyei’s (2005) L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS), causal attributions, as well as other variables with regard to L2 anxiety need to be examined. The major aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between L2 motivation variables and L2 anxiety. The sample included 543 first year non-language majors from various fields of study. Data was gathered by means of a three-part questionnaire which was administered at the beginning of the academic year during regular English classes. Correlation analysis indicated that L2 anxiety was negatively correlated to a self-concept relating to ideal L2 self (an intrinsic type of L2 motivation), length of studying English, final English high school grades, intended effort, L2 interest, and the causal dimensions of stability and controllability. Conversely, L2 anxiety was positively correlated with gender, and a self-concept associated with ought-to L2 self and instrumentality-prevention (extrinsic types of L2 motivation). Multiple regression analysis showed that the following variables were significant predictors of L2 anxiety: ideal L2 self, gender, length of studying English, instrumentality-prevention, and ought-to L2 self. Follow-up qualitative analyses need to be carried out in order to provide a more precise explanation of these findings.

Implementation of IMRT with 4DCT simulation offers possibility to correlate the respiratory movements and position of tumor volume during radiotherapy treatment. The aim of this study is to quantify movements of primary tumor during IMRT treatment in three axes-Z-superoinferiorSI, X-mediolateral ML, Y -anteroposterior AP.This study included 15 patients with lung carcinomareferred to radical radiotherapy. Contouring of GTV was done in the phases FBGTV FB, phase 0-GTV0, phase 50GTV 50, and phase MIP-GTV MIP. Comparison was done with GTV FB as basic value. Evaluation was done in three axis-SI, AP, ML. The movements of GTV in relation to X axis were in the range 0.02-0.47 cm, in relation to Y axis in the range from 0.01-0.56 cm, and according to the Z axis in the range of 0.00-0.79 cm. Based on the results of t-test there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) related to X axis between the upper and lower lobe. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the upper, lower and middle lobes related to Y and Z axis. The test results which were obtained after the 4D CT simulation and planning of IMRT treatment show the importance of high-quality and precise radiation therapy treatment.

Background/Aim. Local infiltration anaesthesia (LIA) is significantly simpler compared to the inferior alveolar nerve block (IAB) and less unpleasant for patients. However, it is not efficient if used in posterior region of the mandible, at least with traditional local anaesthetics. The aim of this study was to compare anaesthetic efficacy of two techniques the LIA in the posterior segment of the mandible, and the IAB, using 4% articaine with 1 : 100,000 adrenaline and to note possible changes in haemodynamic parameters caused by these two techniques. Methods. Sixty pre-informed patients were divided into two study groups. Both groups received 1.8 mL of the same anaesthetic solution, 4% articaine with adrenaline 1 : 100,000, with two different techniques of local anaesthesia. The first group received the LIA in projection of root apex of the first lower molar; the second group received the IAB. The examined parameters were: changes in tooth sensitivity after 5 and 30 minutes in relation to the value recorded before administering the anaes-thetics, onset of anaesthesia, width of anaesthetic field, and duration of anaesthesia. Also, the impact of the applied techniques on cardiovascular parameters was noticed. Re-sults. The LIA group had a statistically significant decrease in sensitivity 5 minutes after application of the local anaesthetic. The decreasing trend continued between 5 and 30 minutes, although without statistical significance. There was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity changes between two groups for the first molar and the first and second premolars. However, there was a statistically significant difference in duration of local anaesthesia in favour of the IAB, while the width of anaesthetic fields was significantly higher after the LIA. Significant changes in hemodynamic parameters were not recorded within the two groups. Conclusion. The effect of the LIA on tooth sensitivity of premolars and first molar is quite satisfactory. The IAB was more effective for canine and second molar. None of the tested techniques had any significant effect on the cardio-vascular parameters.